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The suffix tree is arguably the most fundamental data structure on strings: introduced by Weiner (SWAT 1973) and McCreight (JACM 1976), it allows solving a myriad of computational problems on strings in linear time. Motivated by its large…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Ruben Becker , Davide Cenzato , Travis Gagie , Sung-Hwan Kim , Ragnar Groot Koerkamp , Giovanni Manzini , Nicola Prezza

In this article we extend the elegant in-place Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) algorithm proposed by Crochemore et al. (Crochemore et al., 2015). Our extension is twofold: we first show how to compute simultaneously the longest common…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Felipe A. Louza , Travis Gagie , Guilherme P. Telles

Some recent results have introduced external-memory algorithms to compute self-indexes of a set of strings, mainly via computing the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) of the input strings. The motivations for those results stem from…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-06-12 Paola Bonizzoni , Gianluca Della Vedova , Yuri Pirola , Marco Previtali , Raffaella Rizzi

Highly-repetitive collections of strings are increasingly being amassed by genome sequencing and genetic variation experiments, as well as by storing all versions of human-generated files, like webpages and source code. Existing indexes for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-04-22 Djamal Belazzougui , Fabio Cunial , Travis Gagie , Nicola Prezza , Mathieu Raffinot

We investigate various connections between the clustering for the Burrows-Wheeler transform, a lossless algorithm used in data compression, and languages of interval exchange transformations. We show that a primitive word $u$ clusters for a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-18 Sébastien Ferenczi , Luca Q. Zamboni

Prior work inspired by compression algorithms has described how the Burrows Wheeler Transform can be used to create a distance measure for bioinformatics problems. We describe issues with this approach that were not widely known, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Edward Raff , Charles Nicholas , Mark McLean

In this paper we present an algorithm to compute the Lyndon array of a string $T$ of length $n$ as a byproduct of the inversion of the Burrows-Wheeler transform of $T$. Our algorithm runs in linear time using only a stack in addition to the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Felipe A. Louza , W. F. Smyth , Giovanni Manzini , Guilherme P. Telles

We study the impact that string reversal can have on several repetitiveness measures. First, we exhibit an infinite family of strings where the number, $r$, of runs in the run-length encoding of the Burrows--Wheeler transform (BWT) can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Hideo Bannai , Yuto Fujie , Peaker Guo , Shunsuke Inenaga , Yuto Nakashima , Simon J. Puglisi , Cristian Urbina

Motivation: Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is a common component in full-text indices. Initially developed for data compression, it is particularly powerful for encoding redundant sequences such as pangenome data. However, BWT construction…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-10 Heng Li

Ordering the collection of states of a given automaton starting from an order of the underlying alphabet is a natural move towards a computational treatment of the language accepted by the automaton. Along this path, Wheeler \emph{graphs}…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Giovanna D'Agostino , Davide Martincigh , Alberto Policriti

$V$-order is a global order on strings related to Unique Maximal Factorization Families (UMFFs), which are themselves generalizations of Lyndon words. $V$-order has recently been proposed as an alternative to lexicographical order in the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-07-28 Ali Alatabbi , Jacqueline W. Daykin , M. Sohel Rahman , W. F. Smyth

String kernels are typically used to compare genome-scale sequences whose length makes alignment impractical, yet their computation is based on data structures that are either space-inefficient, or incur large slowdowns. We show that a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-02-24 Djamal Belazzougui , Fabio Cunial

The Burrows Wheeler transform has applications in data compression as well as full text indexing. Despite its important applications and various existing algorithmic approaches the construction of the transform for large data sets is still…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-04-25 German Tischler

Indexing of very large collections of strings such as those produced by the widespread sequencing technologies, heavily relies on multi-string generalizations of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT), and for this problem various in-memory…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-07-29 Paola Bonizzoni , Gianluca Della Vedova , Serena Nicosia , Marco Previtali , Raffaella Rizzi

We show how to merge two run-length compressed Burrows-Wheeler Transforms (RLBWTs) into a run-length compressed extended Burrows-Wheeler Transform (eBWT) in $O (r)$ space and $O ((r + L) \log (m + n))$ time, where $m$ and $n$ are the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Travis Gagie

A wavelet forest for a text $T [1..n]$ over an alphabet $\sigma$ takes $n H_0 (T) + o (n \log \sigma)$ bits of space and supports access and rank on $T$ in $O (\log \sigma)$ time. K\"arkk\"ainen and Puglisi (2011) implicitly introduced…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Christina Boucher , Travis Gagie , Aaron Hong , Yansong Li , Norbert Zeh

The longest common prefix array is a very advantageous data structure that, combined with the suffix array and the Burrows-Wheeler transform, allows to efficiently compute some combinatorial properties of a string useful in several…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-05-16 Anthony J. Cox , Fabio Garofalo , Giovanna Rosone , Marinella Sciortino

In this paper we study the number $r_{bwt}$ of equal-letter runs produced by the Burrows-Wheeler transform ($BWT$) when it is applied to purely morphic finite words, which are words generated by iterating prolongable morphisms. Such a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Andrea Frosini , Ilaria Mancini , Simone Rinaldi , Giuseppe Romana , Marinella Sciortino

This paper provides an upper bound for several subsets of maximal repeats and maximal pairs in compressed strings and also presents a formerly unknown relationship between maximal pairs and the run-length Burrows-Wheeler transform. This…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Julian Pape-Lange

Two decades ago, a breakthrough in indexing string collections made it possible to represent them within their compressed space while at the same time offering indexed search functionalities. As this new technology permeated through…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Gonzalo Navarro