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Temporal difference (TD) learning is a fundamental algorithm for estimating value functions in reinforcement learning. Recent finite-time analyses of TD with linear function approximation quantify its theoretical convergence rate. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yunxiang Li , Mark Schmidt , Reza Babanezhad , Sharan Vaswani

Prediction via deterministic continuous-time models will always be subject to model error, for example due to unexplainable phenomena, uncertainties in any data driving the model, or discretisation/resolution issues. In this paper, we build…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-06-30 Liam Blake , John Maclean , Sanjeeva Balasuriya

Temporal difference (TD) learning algorithms with neural network function parameterization have well-established empirical success in many practical large-scale reinforcement learning tasks. However, theoretical understanding of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Zhifa Ke , Zaiwen Wen , Junyu Zhang

This paper develops a new approach to the estimation of the degree of boundedness or stability of multidimensional nonlinear systems with time-dependent nonperiodic coefficients-an essential task in various engineering and natural science…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-06-16 Mark A. Pinsky

In this paper, we establish non-asymptotic bounds for accuracy of normal approximation for linear two-timescale stochastic approximation (TTSA) algorithms driven by martingale difference or Markov noise. Focusing on both the last iterate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-10 Bogdan Butyrin , Artemy Rubtsov , Alexey Naumov , Vladimir Ulyanov , Sergey Samsonov

We are interested in understanding stability (almost sure boundedness) of stochastic approximation algorithms (SAs) driven by a `controlled Markov' process. Analyzing this class of algorithms is important, since many reinforcement learning…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-18 Arunselvan Ramaswamy , Shalabh Bhatnagar

We consider $d$-dimensional linear stochastic approximation algorithms (LSAs) with a constant step-size and the so called Polyak-Ruppert (PR) averaging of iterates. LSAs are widely applied in machine learning and reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-14 Chandrashekar Lakshminarayanan , Csaba Szepesvári

The development of finite/fixed-time stable optimization algorithms typically involves study of specific problem instances. The lack of a unified framework hinders understanding of more sophisticated algorithms, e.g., primal-dual gradient…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-19 Ibrahim K. Ozaslan , Mihailo R. Jovanović

A scheme for stabilizing stochastic approximation iterates by adaptively scaling the step sizes is proposed and analyzed. This scheme leads to the same limiting differential equation as the original scheme and therefore has the same…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-07-28 Sameer Kamal

This work revisits the constant stepsize stochastic approximation algorithm for tracking a slowly moving target and obtains a bound for the tracking error that is valid for the entire time axis, using the Alekseev non-linear variation of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-30 Bhumesh Kumar , Vivek Borkar , Akhil Shetty

Stochastic approximation is a powerful class of algorithms with celebrated success. However, a large body of previous analysis focuses on stochastic approximations driven by contractive operators, which is not applicable in some important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Ethan Blaser , Shangtong Zhang

We study the problem of solving fixed-point equations for seminorm-contractive operators and establish foundational results on the non-asymptotic behavior of iterative algorithms in both deterministic and stochastic settings. Specifically,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Zaiwei Chen , Sheng Zhang , Zhe Zhang , Shaan Ul Haque , Siva Theja Maguluri

Two-time-scale stochastic approximation algorithms are iterative methods used in applications such as optimization, reinforcement learning, and control. Finite-time analysis of these algorithms has primarily focused on fixed point…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-09 Siddharth Chandak

In this paper we study the problem of convergence and generalization error bound of stochastic momentum for deep learning from the perspective of regularization. To do so, we first interpret momentum as solving an $\ell_2$-regularized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Ziming Zhang , Wenju Xu , Alan Sullivan

This work establishes a rigorous connection between stability properties of discrete-time algorithms (DTAs) and corresponding continuous-time dynamical systems derived through $ O(s^r) $-resolution ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Amir Ali Farzin , Yuen-Man Pun , Philipp Braun , Iman Shames

This paper presents an analysis approach to finite-time attraction in probability concerns with nonlinear systems described by nonlinear random differential equations (RDE). RDE provide meticulous physical interpreted models for some…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-06-15 Sina Sanjari , Mahdieh Tahmasebi

This work analyzes the stochastic approximation algorithm with non-decaying gains as applied in time-varying problems. The setting is to minimize a sequence of scalar-valued loss functions $f_k(\cdot)$ at sampling times $\tau_k$ or to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-18 Jingyi Zhu

Algorithmic stability is an important notion that has proven powerful for deriving generalization bounds for practical algorithms. The last decade has witnessed an increasing number of stability bounds for different algorithms applied on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-31 Lingjiong Zhu , Mert Gurbuzbalaban , Anant Raj , Umut Simsekli

In this paper, we propose two discontinuous dynamical systems in continuous time with guaranteed prescribed finite-time local convergence to strict local minima of a given cost function. Our approach consists of exploiting a Lyapunov-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-19 Orlando Romero , Mouhacine Benosman

First order optimization algorithms play a major role in large scale machine learning. A new class of methods, called adaptive algorithms, were recently introduced to adjust iteratively the learning rate for each coordinate. Despite great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-01 André Belotto da Silva , Maxime Gazeau