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Fault-tolerant logic gates will consume a large proportion of the resources of a two-dimensional quantum computing architecture. Here we show how to perform a fault-tolerant non-Clifford gate with the surface code; a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-20 Benjamin J. Brown

Quantum error correction (QEC) is believed to be essential for the realization of large-scale quantum computers. However, due to the complexity of operating on the encoded `logical' qubits, understanding the physical principles for building…

We show how to perform scalable fault-tolerant non-Clifford gates in two dimensions by introducing domain walls between the surface code and a non-Abelian topological code whose codespace is stabilized by Clifford operators. We formulate a…

Quantum computers now show the promise of surpassing any possible classical machine. However, errors limit this ability and current machines do not have the ability to implement error correcting codes due to the limited number of qubits and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Zhao-Ming Wang , Feng-Hua Ren , Mark S. Byrd , Lian-Ao Wu

Quantum error correction is believed to be essential for scalable quantum computation, but its implementation is challenging due to its considerable space-time overhead. Motivated by recent experiments demonstrating efficient manipulation…

Unitary $k$-designs are distributions of unitary gates that match the Haar distribution up to its $k$-th statistical moment. They are a crucial resource for randomized quantum protocols. However, their implementation on encoded logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-25 Zihan Cheng , Eric Huang , Vedika Khemani , Michael J. Gullans , Matteo Ippoliti

It is a major challenge to perform addressable and parallel logical operations on constant-rate quantum LDPC (qLDPC) codes. Indeed, the overhead of targeting specific logical qubits represents a crucial bottleneck in many quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-09 Louis Golowich , Kathleen Chang , Guanyu Zhu

The study of holographic bulk-boundary dualities has led to the construction of novel quantum error correcting codes. Although these codes have shed new light on conceptual aspects of these dualities, they have widely been believed to lack…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-15 Matthew Steinberg , Junyu Fan , Jens Eisert , Sebastian Feld , Alexander Jahn , Chunjun Cao

Fault-tolerant logical entangling gates are essential for scalable quantum computing, but are limited by the error rates and overheads of physical two-qubit gates and measurements. To address this limitation, we introduce phantom…

We show how to realize a general quantum circuit involving gates between arbitrary pairs of qubits by means of geometrically local quantum operations and efficient classical computation. We prove that circuit-level local stochastic noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-22 Shin Ho Choe , Robert Koenig

Qubits encoded in a decoherence-free subsystem and realized in exchange-coupled silicon quantum dots are promising candidates for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Benefits of this approach include excellent coherence, low control…

Fault-tolerant capacities quantify the ability of a quantum channel to reliably transmit information when every component of the encoding and decoding procedure is noisy. Earlier work analyzed achievable communication rates under such noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Paula Belzig , Hayata Yamasaki

We analyze surface codes, the topological quantum error-correcting codes introduced by Kitaev. In these codes, qubits are arranged in a two-dimensional array on a surface of nontrivial topology, and encoded quantum operations are associated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Eric Dennis , Alexei Kitaev , Andrew Landahl , John Preskill

A major challenge in practical quantum computation is the ineludible errors caused by the interaction of quantum systems with their environment. Fault-tolerant schemes, in which logical qubits are encoded by several physical qubits, enable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-17 Kai Sun , Jin-Shi Xu , Xiao-Ye Xu , Yong-Jian Han , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

Fault-tolerant quantum computation traditionally incurs substantial resource overhead, with both qubit and time overheads scaling polylogarithmically with the size of the computation. While prior work by Gottesman showed that constant qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Matthias Christandl , Omar Fawzi , Ashutosh Goswami

The threshold theorem is a fundamental result in the theory of fault-tolerant quantum computation stating that arbitrarily long quantum computations can be performed with a polylogarithmic overhead provided the noise level is below a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-15 Omar Fawzi , Alexander Müller-Hermes , Ala Shayeghi

Scaling up quantum computers to attain substantial speedups over classical computing requires fault tolerance. Conventionally, protocols for fault-tolerant quantum computation demand excessive space overheads by using many physical qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-29 Hayata Yamasaki , Masato Koashi

One of the most challenging problems for the realization of a scalable quantum computer is to design a physical device that keeps the error rate for each quantum processing operation low. These errors can originate from the accuracy of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-28 Christian Boudreault , Hichem Eleuch , Michael Hilke , Richard MacKenzie

The quantum logic gates used in the design of a quantum computer should be both universal, meaning arbitrary quantum computations can be performed, and fault-tolerant, meaning the gates keep errors from cascading out of control. A number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-08 Paul Webster , Michael Vasmer , Thomas R. Scruby , Stephen D. Bartlett

We show how a hyperbolic surface code could be used for overhead-efficient quantum storage. We give numerical evidence for a noise threshold of 1.3% for the {4,5}-hyperbolic surface code in a phenomenological noise model (as compared to…