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Due to the exponential growth of information and the need for efficient information consumption the task of summarization has gained paramount importance. Evaluating summarization accurately and objectively presents significant challenges,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Dong Yuan , Eti Rastogi , Fen Zhao , Sagar Goyal , Gautam Naik , Sree Prasanna Rajagopal

There is significant interest in developing evaluation metrics which accurately estimate the quality of generated text without the aid of a human-written reference text, which can be time consuming and expensive to collect or entirely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Daniel Deutsch , Rotem Dror , Dan Roth

Human evaluation of machine translation normally uses sentence-level measures such as relative ranking or adequacy scales. However, these provide no insight into possible errors, and do not scale well with sentence length. We argue for a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-28 Alexandra Birch , Omri Abend , Ondrej Bojar , Barry Haddow

Text generation has made significant advances in the last few years. Yet, evaluation metrics have lagged behind, as the most popular choices (e.g., BLEU and ROUGE) may correlate poorly with human judgments. We propose BLEURT, a learned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-22 Thibault Sellam , Dipanjan Das , Ankur P. Parikh

Large language models (LLMs) frequently generate responses that are lengthy and verbose, filled with redundant or unnecessary details. This diminishes clarity and user satisfaction, and it increases costs for model developers, especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Seyed Mohssen Ghafari , Ronny Kol , Juan C. Quiroz , Nella Luan , Monika Patial , Chanaka Rupasinghe , Herman Wandabwa , Luiz Pizzato

Despite recent advances, evaluating how well large language models (LLMs) follow user instructions remains an open problem. While evaluation methods of language models have seen a rise in prompt-based approaches, limited work on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Ondrej Skopek , Rahul Aralikatte , Sian Gooding , Victor Carbune

Text readability assessment has a wide range of applications for different target people, from language learners to people with disabilities. The fast pace of textual content production on the web makes it impossible to measure text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Salar Mohtaj , Babak Naderi , Sebastian Möller , Faraz Maschhur , Chuyang Wu , Max Reinhard

In this paper, we discuss different methods which use meta information and richer context that may accompany source language input to improve machine translation quality. We focus on category information of input text as meta information,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-11 Shahram Khadivi , Patrick Wilken , Leonard Dahlmann , Evgeny Matusov

Human language production exhibits remarkable richness and variation, reflecting diverse communication styles and intents. However, this variation is often overlooked in summarization evaluation. While having multiple reference summaries is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Silvia Casola , Yang Janet Liu , Siyao Peng , Oliver Kraus , Albert Gatt , Barbara Plank

While traditional corpus-level evaluation metrics for machine translation (MT) correlate well with fluency, they struggle to reflect adequacy. Model-based MT metrics trained on segment-level human judgments have emerged as an attractive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Thamme Gowda , Weiqiu You , Constantine Lignos , Jonathan May

Labeled Transition Systems (LTS) are integral to model checking and design repair tools. System engineers frequently examine LTS designs during model checking or design repair to debug, identify inconsistencies, and validate system…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Abhijit Paul , Proma Chowdhury , Kazi Sakib

Semantic textual similarity (STS) systems are designed to encode and evaluate the semantic similarity between words, phrases, sentences, and documents. One method for assessing the quality or authenticity of semantic information encoded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-04 Kimberly Glasgow , Matthew Roos , Amy Haufler , Mark Chevillet , Michael Wolmetz

We introduce MT-LENS, a framework designed to evaluate Machine Translation (MT) systems across a variety of tasks, including translation quality, gender bias detection, added toxicity, and robustness to misspellings. While several toolkits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Javier García Gilabert , Carlos Escolano , Audrey Mash , Xixian Liao , Maite Melero

Given the rise of a new approach to MT, Neural MT (NMT), and its promising performance on different text types, we assess the translation quality it can attain on what is perceived to be the greatest challenge for MT: literary text.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-17 Antonio Toral , Andy Way

With the increasing use of large-language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, watermarking has emerged as a promising approach for tracing machine-generated content. However, research on LLM watermarking often relies on simple perplexity or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Karanpartap Singh , James Zou

Automatic evaluation of ST systems is typically performed by comparing translation hypotheses with one or more reference translations. While effective to some extent, this approach inherits the limitation of reference-based evaluation that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Mauro Cettolo , Marco Gaido , Matteo Negri , Sara Papi , Luisa Bentivogli

Summary assessment involves evaluating how well a generated summary reflects the key ideas and meaning of the source text, requiring a deep understanding of the content. Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used to automate this process,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zahra Sadeghi , Evangelos Milios , Frank Rudzicz

Re-speaking is a mechanism for obtaining high quality subtitles for use in live broadcast and other public events. Because it relies on humans performing the actual re-speaking, the task of estimating the quality of the results is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-01-13 Krzysztof Wołk , Danijel Koržinek

In this study, we analyze automatic evaluation metrics for Natural Language Generation (NLG), specifically task-agnostic metrics and human-aligned metrics. Task-agnostic metrics, such as Perplexity, BLEU, BERTScore, are cost-effective and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Iftitahu Ni'mah , Meng Fang , Vlado Menkovski , Mykola Pechenizkiy

Text simplification (TS) is the process of generating easy-to-understand sentences from a given sentence or piece of text. The aim of TS is to reduce both the lexical (which refers to vocabulary complexity and meaning) and syntactic (which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Ciprian-Octavian Truică , Andrei-Ionut Stan , Elena-Simona Apostol