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Medical diagnosis might fail due to bias. In this work, we identified class-feature bias, which refers to models' potential reliance on features that are strongly correlated with only a subset of classes, leading to biased performance and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Lishi Zuo , Man-Wai Mak , Lu Yi , Youzhi Tu

This paper evaluates six strategies for mitigating imbalanced data: oversampling, undersampling, ensemble methods, specialized algorithms, class weight adjustments, and a no-mitigation approach referred to as the baseline. These strategies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Jacques Wainer

Class-imbalance is a common problem in machine learning practice. Typical Imbalanced Learning (IL) methods balance the data via intuitive class-wise resampling or reweighting. However, previous studies suggest that beyond class-imbalance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Zhining Liu , Pengfei Wei , Zhepei Wei , Boyang Yu , Jing Jiang , Wei Cao , Jiang Bian , Yi Chang

The Bayesian information criterion (BIC), defined as the observed data log likelihood minus a penalty term based on the sample size $N$, is a popular model selection criterion for factor analysis with complete data. This definition has also…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-21 Jianhua Zhao , Changchun Shang , Shulan Li , Ling Xin , Philip L. H. Yu

Class-bias, that is class-wise performance disparities, is typically attributed to data imbalance and addressed through frequency-based resampling. However, we demonstrate that substantial bias persists even in perfectly balanced datasets,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Pawel Pukowski , Venet Osmani

Resilience to class imbalance and confounding biases, together with the assurance of fairness guarantees are highly desirable properties of autonomous decision-making systems with real-life impact. Many different targeted solutions have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Elisa Ferrari , Davide Bacciu

Class-wise characteristics of training examples affect the performance of deep classifiers. A well-studied example is when the number of training examples of classes follows a long-tailed distribution, a situation that is likely to yield…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Z. S. Baltaci , K. Oksuz , S. Kuzucu , K. Tezoren , B. K. Konar , A. Ozkan , E. Akbas , S. Kalkan

When faced with severely imbalanced binary classification problems, we often train models on bootstrapped data in which the number of instances of each class occur in a more favorable ratio, e.g., one. We view algorithmic inequity through…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-08-17 Harish S. Bhat , Majerle E. Reeves , Sidra Goldman-Mellor

This work investigates into cost behaviors of binary classification measures in a background of class-imbalanced problems. Twelve performance measures are studied, such as F measure, G-means in terms of accuracy rates, and of recall and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-03-28 Bao-Gang Hu , Wei-Ming Dong

Training of deep neural networks heavily depends on the data distribution. In particular, the networks easily suffer from class imbalance. The trained networks would recognize the frequent classes better than the infrequent classes. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Byungju Kim , Junmo Kim

One of the significant problems associated with imbalanced data classification is the lack of reliable metrics. This runs primarily from the fact that for most real-life (as well as commonly used benchmark) problems, we do not have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Szymon Wojciechowski , Michał Woźniak

The presence of label noise often misleads the training of deep neural networks. Departing from the recent literature which largely assumes the label noise rate is only determined by the true label class, the errors in human-annotated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Zhaowei Zhu , Tongliang Liu , Yang Liu

A common issue for classification in scientific research and industry is the existence of imbalanced classes. When sample sizes of different classes are imbalanced in training data, naively implementing a classification method often leads…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-02 Yang Feng , Min Zhou , Xin Tong

Classification is a machine learning method used in many practical applications: text mining, handwritten character recognition, face recognition, pattern classification, scene labeling, computer vision, natural langage processing. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Doulaye Dembélé

Classification data sets with skewed class proportions are called imbalanced. Class imbalance is a problem since most machine learning classification algorithms are built with an assumption of equal representation of all classes in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Azal Ahmad Khan

Sharpening deep learning models by training them with examples close to the decision boundary is a well-known best practice. Nonetheless, these models are still error-prone in producing predictions. In practice, the inference of the deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Zhengyuan Wei , Haipeng Wang , Qilin Zhou , W. K. Chan

This study is about inducing classifiers using data that is imbalanced, with a minority class being under-represented in relation to the majority classes. The first section of this research focuses on the main characteristics of data that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Shivaditya Shivganesh , Nitin Narayanan N , Pranav Murali , Ajaykumar M

Instance-sensitive losses for semantic segmentation such as blob loss and CC loss were designed to address instance imbalance, ensuring small lesions generate the same gradient as large ones, but operate only on single-class segmentation.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Soumya Snigdha Kundu , Florian Kofler , Marina Ivory , Hendrik Moller , Jonathan Shapey , Tom Vercauteren

In statistical classification and machine learning, classification error is an important performance measure, which is minimized by the Bayes decision rule. In practice, the unknown true distribution is usually replaced with a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Zijian Yang , Vahe Eminyan , Ralf Schlüter , Hermann Ney

While the performance of machine learning systems has experienced significant improvement in recent years, relatively little attention has been paid to the fundamental question: to what extent can we improve our models? This paper provides…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ryota Ushio , Takashi Ishida , Masashi Sugiyama