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Recent advancements in the direct training of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have demonstrated high-quality outputs even at early timesteps, paving the way for novel energy-efficient AI paradigms. However, the inherent non-linearity and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Hyunho Kook , Byeongho Yu , Jeong Min Oh , Eunhyeok Park

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) operate with asynchronous discrete events (or spikes) which can potentially lead to higher energy-efficiency in neuromorphic hardware implementations. Many works have shown that an SNN for inference can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Nitin Rathi , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Priyadarshini Panda , Kaushik Roy

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) with adaptive synapses reflect core properties of biological neural networks. Speech recognition, as an application involving audio coding and dynamic learning, provides a good test problem to study SNN…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-03-14 Amirhossein Tavanaei , Anthony S Maida

Recently, brain-inspired spiking neuron networks (SNNs) have attracted widespread research interest because of their event-driven and energy-efficient characteristics. Still, it is difficult to efficiently train deep SNNs due to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Shikuang Deng , Yuhang Li , Shanghang Zhang , Shi Gu

For a long time, biology and neuroscience fields have been a great source of inspiration for computer scientists, towards the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. This survey aims at providing a comprehensive review of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Gabriele Lagani , Fabrizio Falchi , Claudio Gennaro , Giuseppe Amato

Biological neural networks continue to inspire breakthroughs in neural network performance. And yet, one key area of neural computation that has been under-appreciated and under-investigated is biologically plausible, energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Kai Malcolm , Josue Casco-Rodriguez

Spiking neural networks are the basis of versatile and power-efficient information processing in the brain. Although we currently lack a detailed understanding of how these networks compute, recently developed optimization techniques allow…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Benjamin Cramer , Yannik Stradmann , Johannes Schemmel , Friedemann Zenke

Stability arguments are often used to prevent learning algorithms from having ever increasing activity and weights that hinder generalization. However, stability conditions can clash with the sparsity required to augment the energy…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Luca Herranz-Celotti , Jean Rouat

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have superb characteristics in sensory information recognition tasks due to their biological plausibility. However, the performance of some current spiking-based models is limited by their structures which…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Qi Xu , Yaxin Li , Xuanye Fang , Jiangrong Shen , Jian K. Liu , Huajin Tang , Gang Pan

In recent years, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have gained momentum due to their high potential in time-series processing combined with minimal energy consumption. However, they still lack a dedicated and efficient training algorithm. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Giovanni Perin , Cesare Bidini , Riccardo Mazzieri , Michele Rossi

We introduce a new supervised learning algorithm based to train spiking neural networks for classification. The algorithm overcomes a limitation of existing multi-spike learning methods: it solves the problem of interference between…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Huy Le Nguyen , Dominique Chu

Inspired by the connectivity mechanisms in the brain, neuromorphic computing architectures model Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) in silicon. As such, neuromorphic architectures are designed and developed with the goal of having small, low…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Mihaela Dimovska , Travis Johnston , Catherine D. Schuman , J. Parker Mitchell , Thomas E. Potok

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are energy-efficient and biologically plausible, ideal for embedded and security-critical systems, yet their adversarial robustness remains open. Existing adversarial attacks often overlook SNNs' bio-plausible…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Lingxin Jin , Wei Jiang , Maregu Assefa Habtie , Letian Chen , Jinyu Zhan , Xingzhi Zhou , Lin Zuo , Naoufel Werghi

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), recognized as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs), have advanced rapidly through the scaling of models and datasets. However, such scaling incurs considerable…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chenxiang Ma , Xinyi Chen , Yujie Wu , Kay Chen Tan , Jibin Wu

Biological neurons use spikes to process and learn temporally dynamic inputs in an energy and computationally efficient way. However, applying the state-of-the-art gradient-based supervised algorithms to spiking neural networks (SNN) is a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Aref Moqadam Mehr , Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh , Hadi Farahani

Multi-bit spiking neural networks (SNNs) have recently become a heated research spot, pursuing energy-efficient and high-accurate AI. However, with more bits involved, the associated memory and computation demands escalate to the point…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xingting Yao , Qinghao Hu , Fei Zhou , Tielong Liu , Gang Li , Peisong Wang , Jian Cheng

Artificial Intelligence has looked into biological systems as a source of inspiration. Although there are many aspects of the brain yet to be discovered, neuroscience has found evidence that the connections between neurons continuously grow…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Javier Lopez Randulfe , Leon Bonde Larsen

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are a viable alternative to conventional artificial neural networks when resource efficiency and computational complexity are of importance. A major advantage of SNNs is their binary information transfer…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Daniel Gerlinghoff , Tao Luo , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Weng-Fai Wong

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) that operate in an event-driven manner and employ binary spike representation have recently emerged as promising candidates for energy-efficient computing. However, a cost bottleneck arises in obtaining…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Yunpeng Yao , Man Wu , Zheng Chen , Renyuan Zhang

The efficiency of modern machine intelligence depends on high accuracy with minimal computational cost. In spiking neural networks (SNNs), synaptic delays are crucial for encoding temporal structure, yet existing models treat them as fully…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Lennart P. L. Landsmeer , Amirreza Movahedin , Mario Negrello , Said Hamdioui , Christos Strydis