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The embedding space of language models is widely believed to capture the semantic relationships; for instance, embeddings of digits often exhibit an ordered structure that corresponds to their natural sequence. However, the mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Junjie Yao , Zhi-Qin John Xu

Neural network based approaches for sentence relation modeling automatically generate hidden matching features from raw sentence pairs. However, the quality of matching feature representation may not be satisfied due to complex semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-04-01 Peng Li , Heng Huang

Word embeddings, which represent a word as a point in a vector space, have become ubiquitous to several NLP tasks. A recent line of work uses bilingual (two languages) corpora to learn a different vector for each sense of a word, by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-27 Shyam Upadhyay , Kai-Wei Chang , Matt Taddy , Adam Kalai , James Zou

Natural language processing has improved tremendously after the success of word embedding techniques such as word2vec. Recently, the same idea has been applied on source code with encouraging results. In this survey, we aim to collect and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-08 Zimin Chen , Martin Monperrus

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to encode syntactic and semantic structures of language is well examined in NLP. Additionally, analogy identification, in the form of word analogies are extensively studied in the last decade of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Thilini Wijesiriwardene , Ruwan Wickramarachchi , Aishwarya Naresh Reganti , Vinija Jain , Aman Chadha , Amit Sheth , Amitava Das

Text embedding is becoming an increasingly popular AI methodology, especially among businesses, yet the potential of text embedding models to be biased is not well understood. This paper examines the degree to which a selection of popular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Vasyl Rakivnenko , Nestor Maslej , Jessica Cervi , Volodymyr Zhukov

Understanding what knowledge is implicitly encoded in deep learning models is essential for improving the interpretability of AI systems. This paper examines common methods to explain the knowledge encoded in word embeddings, which are core…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Hanna Herasimchyk , Alhassan Abdelhalim , Sören Laue , Michaela Regneri

It has been reliably shown that the similarity of word embeddings obtained from popular neural models such as BERT approximates effectively a form of semantic similarity of the meaning of those words. It is therefore natural to wonder if…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Mathieu d'Aquin , Emmanuel Nauer

Word embeddings are a fixed, distributional representation of the context of words in a corpus learned from word co-occurrences. While word embeddings have proven to have many practical uses in natural language processing tasks, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-02 James Powell , Kari Sentz

Vector representations obtained from word embedding are the source of many groundbreaking advances in natural language processing. They yield word representations that are capable of capturing semantics and analogies of words within a text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Didier Gohourou , Kazuhiro Kuwabara

Neural embeddings are a popular set of methods for representing words, phrases or text as a low dimensional vector (typically 50-500 dimensions). However, it is difficult to interpret these dimensions in a meaningful manner, and creating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-10 Neil R. Smalheiser , Gary Bonifield

In recent years, machine learning has been widely adopted to automate the audio mixing process. Automatic mixing systems have been applied to various audio effects such as gain-adjustment, equalization, and reverberation. These systems can…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Satvik Venkatesh , David Moffat , Eduardo Reck Miranda

Pretrained language model (PLM) hidden states are frequently employed as contextual word embeddings (CWE): high-dimensional representations that encode semantic information given linguistic context. Across many areas of computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Jacob A. Matthews , John R. Starr , Marten van Schijndel

We propose a promising neural network model with which to acquire a grounded representation of robot actions and the linguistic descriptions thereof. Properly responding to various linguistic expressions, including polysemous words, is an…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Minori Toyoda , Kanata Suzuki , Hiroki Mori , Yoshihiko Hayashi , Tetsuya Ogata

We develop a family of techniques to align word embeddings which are derived from different source datasets or created using different mechanisms (e.g., GloVe or word2vec). Our methods are simple and have a closed form to optimally rotate,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Sunipa Dev , Safia Hassan , Jeff M. Phillips

Word and sentence embeddings are useful feature representations in natural language processing. However, intrinsic evaluation for embeddings lags far behind, and there has been no significant update since the past decade. Word and sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Bin Wang , C. -C. Jay Kuo , Haizhou Li

Conventional word embeddings represent words with fixed vectors, which are usually trained based on co-occurrence patterns among words. In doing so, however, the power of such representations is limited, where the same word might be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Hongming Zhang , Jiaxin Bai , Yan Song , Kun Xu , Changlong Yu , Yangqiu Song , Wilfred Ng , Dong Yu

Word vector representations enable machines to encode human language for spoken language understanding and processing. Confusion2vec, motivated from human speech production and perception, is a word vector representation which encodes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Prashanth Gurunath Shivakumar , Panayiotis Georgiou , Shrikanth Narayanan

We propose a new application of embedding techniques for problem retrieval in adaptive tutoring. The objective is to retrieve problems whose mathematical concepts are similar. There are two challenges: First, like sentences, problems…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-03-25 Du Su , Ali Yekkehkhany , Yi Lu , Wenmiao Lu

The paraphrase identification task involves measuring semantic similarity between two short sentences. It is a tricky task, and multilingual paraphrase identification is even more challenging. In this work, we train a bi-encoder model in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Inessa Fedorova , Aleksei Musatow