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Autonomous systems use independent decision-making with only limited human intervention to accomplish goals in complex and unpredictable environments. As the autonomy technologies that underpin them continue to advance, these systems will…

Developing autonomous driving (AD) systems is challenging due to the complexity of the systems and the need to assure their safe and reliable operation. The widely adopted approach of DevOps seems promising to support the continuous…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Ali Nouri , Beatriz Cabrero-Daniel , Fredrik Törner , Christian Berger

As the popularity of autonomous vehicles has grown, many standards and regulators, such as ISO, NHTSA, and Euro NCAP, require safety validation to ensure a sufficient level of safety before deploying them in the real world. Manufacturers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Linh Trinh , Ali Anwar , Siegfried Mercelis

Autonomous driving technologies have achieved significant advances in recent years, yet their real-world deployment remains constrained by data scarcity, safety requirements, and the need for generalization across diverse environments. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 A. Humnabadkar , A. Sikdar , B. Cave , H. Zhang , N. Bessis , A. Behera

Data is a crucial component of machine learning. The field is reliant on data to train, validate, and test models. With increased technical capabilities, machine learning research has boomed in both academic and industry settings, and one…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Morgan Klaus Scheuerman , Emily Denton , Alex Hanna

Owing to the merits of early safety and reliability guarantee, autonomous driving virtual testing has recently gains increasing attention compared with closed-loop testing in real scenarios. Although the availability and quality of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Pengliang Ji , Li Ruan , Yunzhi Xue , Limin Xiao , Qian Dong

Deep neural networks (DNN) which are employed in perception systems for autonomous driving require a huge amount of data to train on, as they must reliably achieve high performance in all kinds of situations. However, these DNN are usually…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Daniel Bogdoll , Svenja Uhlemeyer , Kamil Kowol , J. Marius Zöllner

Software that contains machine learning algorithms is an integral part of automotive perception, for example, in driving automation systems. The development of such software, specifically the training and validation of the machine learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Hans-Martin Heyn , Khan Mohammad Habibullah , Eric Knauss , Jennifer Horkoff , Markus Borg , Alessia Knauss , Polly Jing Li

Autonomous driving is a hot research topic in the frontier of science and technology. Technology companies and traditional car companies are developing and designing autonomous driving technology from two different directions. Based on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-27 Tiantian Tang , Hao Xu , Chengcheng Wu , Sijie Lye , Yan Xiang

Autonomous driving is a widely researched technology that is frequently tested on public roads. The data generated from these tests represent an essential competitive element for the respective companies moving this technology forward. In…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-04 David Goedicke , Natalie Chyi , Alexandra Bremers , Stacey Li , James Grimmelmann , Wendy Ju

Autonomous systems are often deployed in complex sociotechnical environments, such as public roads, where they must behave safely and securely. Unlike many traditionally engineered systems, autonomous systems are expected to behave…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Georgios Bakirtzis , Steven Carr , David Danks , Ufuk Topcu

This paper presents a comprehensive review of trajectory data of Advanced Driver Assistance System equipped-vehicle, with the aim of precisely model of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) behavior. This study emphasizes the importance of trajectory…

Applications · Statistics 2024-12-31 Hang Zhou , Ke Ma , Xiaopeng Li

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) are increasingly deployed in real traffic, yet testing remains fundamentally challenging due to open environments, complex scenarios, and the lack of established processes and metrics. Despite extensive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Qunying Song , Ali Nouri , Håkan Sivencrona , Federica Sarro

Safely interacting with humans is a significant challenge for autonomous driving. The performance of this interaction depends on machine learning-based modules of an autopilot, such as perception, behavior prediction, and planning. These…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Jay Shenoy , Edward Kim , Xiangyu Yue , Taesung Park , Daniel Fremont , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli , Sanjit Seshia

From SAE Level 3 of automation onwards, drivers are allowed to engage in activities that are not directly related to driving during their travel. However, in level 3, a misunderstanding of the capabilities of the system might lead drivers…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Mohamed Sabry , Walter Morales-Alvarez , Cristina Olaverri-Monreal

Nowadays autonomous technologies are a very heavily explored area and particularly computer vision as the main component of vehicle perception. The quality of the whole vision system based on neural networks relies on the dataset it was…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-24 Aleksander Lukashou

Collaborative perception has attracted growing interest from academia and industry due to its potential to enhance perception accuracy, safety, and robustness in autonomous driving through multi-agent information fusion. With the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Naibang Wang , Deyong Shang , Yan Gong , Xiaoxi Hu , Ziying Song , Lei Yang , Yuhan Huang , Xiaoyu Wang , Jianli Lu

Autonomous driving systems have witnessed a significant development during the past years thanks to the advance in machine learning-enabled sensing and decision-making algorithms. One critical challenge for their massive deployment in the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Wenhao Ding , Chejian Xu , Mansur Arief , Haohong Lin , Bo Li , Ding Zhao

Robot design is a complex and time-consuming process that requires specialized expertise. Gaining a deeper understanding of robot design data can enable various applications, including automated design generation, retrieving example designs…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Tri Le , Toan Nguyen , Quang Tran , Quang Nguyen , Baoru Huang , Hoan Nguyen , Minh Nhat Vu , Tung D. Ta , Anh Nguyen

The rapid development of artificial intelligence, especially deep learning technology, has advanced autonomous driving systems (ADSs) by providing precise control decisions to counterpart almost any driving event, spanning from anti-fatigue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Yao Deng , Tiehua Zhang , Guannan Lou , Xi Zheng , Jiong Jin , Qing-Long Han