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A stochastic optimization algorithm for analyzing planar central and balanced configurations in the $n$-body problem is presented. We find a comprehensive list of equal mass central configurations satisfying the Morse equality up to $n=12$.…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-12-24 Alexandru Doicu , Lei Zhao , Adrian Doicu

The equations of the Newtonian $n$-body problem have a matrix form, where an $n\times n$ matrix depending on the masses and on the mutual distances appears as a factor. The $n$ eigenvalues of this matrix are real and nonnegative. In a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-12-02 Alain Albouy , Jiexin Sun

We introduce an algebraic method to study local stability in the Newtonian $n$-body problem when certain symmetries are present. We use representation theory of groups to simplify the calculations of certain eigenvalue problems. The method…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-11-30 Zhihong Xia , Tingjie Zhou

In the cosmos, any two bodies share a gravitational attraction. When in proximity to one another in empty space, their motions can be modeled by Newtonian gravity. Newton found their orbits when the two bodies are infinitely small, the…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2023-07-06 Jodin Morey

In the studied axisymmetric case of the central four-body problem, the axis of symmetry is defined by two unequal-mass bodies, while the other two bodies are situated symmetrically with respect to this axis and have equal masses. Here, we…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-04-22 Emese Kővári , Bálint Érdi

This study presents a general alternative scheme of the procedure and necessary conditions for solving the $n$-body problem. The presented solution is not a solution of the classical problem, where the initial conditions of positions and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-24 Pawel Wojda

We first provide a classification of the pure rotational motion of 2 particles on a sphere interacting via a repelling potential. This is achieved by providing a simple geometric equivalence between repelling particles and attracting…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Luis García-Naranjo , James Montaldi

We review and develop the classical theory of moments of configurations of weighted points with a focus on systems with an identically vanishing first moment. The latter condition produces equations for equilibrium configurations of systems…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Eduardo S. G. Leandro

Morse theoretical ideas are applied to the study of relative equilibria in the planar $n$-vortex problem. For the case of positive circulations, we prove that the Morse index of a critical point of the Hamiltonian restricted to a level…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-03-06 Gareth E. Roberts

We discuss the equilibrium conditions for a body made of two homogeneous components separated by oblate spheroidal surfaces and in relative motion. While exact solutions are not permitted for rigid rotation (unless a specific ambient…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-04-13 Jean-Marc Huré

An elliptic relative equilibrium (ERE) is a special solution of the planar $N$-body problem generated by a central configuration. Its linear stability depends on the eccentricity $e$ and the masses of the bodies. However, for $e>0$, the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-09-15 Xijun Hu , Yuwei Ou , Jiexin Sun

We study the influence of relativity on the chaotic properties and dynamical outcomes of an unstable triple system; the Pythagorean three-body problem. To this end, we extend the Brutus N-body code to include Post-Newtonian pairwise terms…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-27 Tjarda C. N. Boekholt , Arend Moerman , Simon F. Portegies Zwart

A solution of the n-body problem in R^d is a relative equilibrium if all of the mutual distance between the bodies are constant. In other words, the bodies undergo a rigid motion. Here we investigate the possibility of partially rigid…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-07-26 Richard Moeckel

Two numerical algorithms for analyzing planar central and balanced configurations in the $(n+1)$-body problem with a small mass are presented. The first one relies on a direct solution method of the $(n+1)$-body problem by using a…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-07-12 Alexandru Doicu , Lei Zhao , Adrian Doicu

The relativistic two-body problem is considered for spinless particles subject to an external macroscopic electromagnetic field. When this field is made of the monochromatic superposition of two counter-propagating plane waves (and provided…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-05-27 Philippe Droz-Vincent

In this paper, we consider the linear stability of the elliptic relative equilibria of the restricted 4-body problems where the three primaries form a Lagrangian triangle. By reduction, the linearized Poincar\'e map is decomposed to the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-04-23 Bowen Liu , Qinglong Zhou

Consider the dynamics of two point masses on a surface of constant curvature subject to an attractive force analogue of Newton's inverse square law. When the distance between the bodies is sufficiently small, the reduced equations of motion…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-07-01 Connor Jackman

We study a three dimensional continuous model of gravitating matter rotating at constant angular velocity. In the rotating reference frame, by a finite dimensional reduction, we prove the existence of non radial stationary solutions whose…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2012-06-08 Juan Campos Serrano , Manuel Del Pino , Jean Dolbeault

We consider the equilibria of point particles under the action of two body central forces in which there are both repulsive and attractive interactions, often known as central configurations, with diverse applications in physics, in…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-07 Richard Battye , Gary Gibbons , Paul Sutcliffe

We present a computer assisted proof of the full listing of central configurations for spatial n-body problem for n = 5 and 6, with equal masses. For each central configuration we give a full list of its euclidean symmetries. For all masses…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-12-10 Malgorzata Moczurad , Piotr Zgliczynski