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Interpreting complex deep networks, notably pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs), is a formidable challenge. Current Class Activation Map (CAM) methods highlight regions revealing the model's decision-making basis but lack clear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yuguang Yang , Runtang Guo , Sheng Wu , Yimi Wang , Linlin Yang , Bo Fan , Jilong Zhong , Juan Zhang , Baochang Zhang

We present Gradient Activation Maps (GAM) - a machinery for explaining predictions made by visual similarity and classification models. By gleaning localized gradient and activation information from multiple network layers, GAM offers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Oren Barkan , Omri Armstrong , Amir Hertz , Avi Caciularu , Ori Katz , Itzik Malkiel , Noam Koenigstein

Extracting class activation maps (CAM) is arguably the most standard step of generating pseudo masks for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS). Yet, we find that the crux of the unsatisfactory pseudo masks is the binary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Zhaozheng Chen , Tan Wang , Xiongwei Wu , Xian-Sheng Hua , Hanwang Zhang , Qianru Sun

Extracting class activation maps (CAM) is a key step for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS). The CAM of convolution neural networks fails to capture long-range feature dependency on the image and result in the coverage on only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Jianqiang Huang , Jian Wang , Qianru Sun , Hanwang Zhang

Interpretation of deep learning remains a very challenging problem. Although the Class Activation Map (CAM) is widely used to interpret deep model predictions by highlighting object location, it fails to provide insight into the salient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yuguang Yang , Runtang Guo , Sheng Wu , Yimi Wang , Juan Zhang , Xuan Gong , Baochang Zhang

Increasing demands for understanding the internal behavior of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have led to remarkable improvements in explanation methods. Particularly, several class activation mapping (CAM) based methods, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Hyungsik Jung , Youngrock Oh

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) and its gradient-based variants (e.g., GradCAM) have become standard tools for explaining Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) predictions. However, these approaches typically focus on individual logits, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jacob Piland , Chris Sweet , Adam Czajka

With the growing demand for interpretable deep learning models, this paper introduces Integrative CAM, an advanced Class Activation Mapping (CAM) technique aimed at providing a holistic view of feature importance across Convolutional Neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Aniket K. Singh , Debasis Chaudhuri , Manish P. Singh , Samiran Chattopadhyay

Class activation maps are widely used for explaining deep neural networks. Due to its ability to highlight regions of interest, it has evolved in recent years as a key step in weakly supervised learning. A major limitation to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Hang-Cheng Dong , Yuhao Jiang , Yingyan Huang , Jingxiao Liao , Bingguo Liu , Dong Ye , Guodong Liu

Classification activation map (CAM), utilizing the classification structure to generate pixel-wise localization maps, is a crucial mechanism for weakly supervised object localization (WSOL). However, CAM directly uses the classifier trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Lei Zhu , Qian Chen , Lujia Jin , Yunfei You , Yanye Lu

The Class Activation Map (CAM) lookup of a neural network tells us to which regions the neural network focuses when it makes a decision. In the past, the CAM search method was dependent upon a specific internal module of the network. It has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Yitao Peng , Longzhen Yang , Yihang Liu , Lianghua He

Deep Learning has revolutionized machine learning, reaching unprecedented levels of accuracy, but at the cost of reduced interpretability. Especially in image processing systems, deep networks transform local pixel information into more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xinyi Zhang , Manuel Günther

Data series classification is an important and challenging problem in data science. Explaining the classification decisions by finding the discriminant parts of the input that led the algorithm to some decisions is a real need in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Paul Boniol , Mohammed Meftah , Emmanuel Remy , Themis Palpanas

To visualize the regions of interest that classifiers base their decisions on, different Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods have been developed. However, all of these techniques target categorical classifiers only, though most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Xinyi Zhang , Johanna Sophie Bieri , Manuel Günther

In recent years, weakly supervised models have aided in mass detection using mammography images, decreasing the need for pixel-level annotations. However, most existing models in the literature rely on Class Activation Maps (CAM) as the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Vicente Sampaio , Filipe R. Cordeiro

Convolutional neural networks have been shown to develop internal representations, which correspond closely to semantically meaningful objects and parts, although trained solely on class labels. Class Activation Mapping (CAM) is a recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-05-26 Amir Rosenfeld , Shimon Ullman

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods have recently gained much attention for weakly-supervised object localization (WSOL) tasks. They allow for CNN visualization and interpretation without training on fully annotated image datasets. CAM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Soufiane Belharbi , Aydin Sarraf , Marco Pedersoli , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger

Image-level weakly supervised semantic segmentation is a challenging task that has been deeply studied in recent years. Most of the common solutions exploit class activation map (CAM) to locate object regions. However, such response maps…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Yukun Su , Jingliang Deng , Zonghan Li

Class activation mapping (CAM) is a widely adopted class of saliency methods used to explain the behavior of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). These methods generate heatmaps that highlight the parts of the input most relevant to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Alejandro Luque-Cerpa , Elizabeth Polgreen , Ajitha Rajan , Hazem Torfah

We propose a technique for making Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based models more transparent by visualizing input regions that are 'important' for predictions -- or visual explanations. Our approach, called Gradient-weighted Class…