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Factorial Hidden Markov Models (FHMMs) are powerful models for sequential data but they do not scale well with long sequences. We propose a scalable inference and learning algorithm for FHMMs that draws on ideas from the stochastic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-10-31 Yin Cheng Ng , Pawel Chilinski , Ricardo Silva

In recent years, malware with tunneling (or: covert channel) capabilities is on the rise. While malware research led to several methods and innovations, the detection and differentiation of malware solely based on its DNS tunneling features…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Denis Petrov , Pascal Ruffing , Sebastian Zillien , Steffen Wendzel

The web is experiencing an explosive growth in the last years. New technologies are introduced at a very fast-pace with the aim of narrowing the gap between web-based applications and traditional desktop applications. The results are web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-07-14 Alfredo De Santis , Giancarlo De Maio , Umberto Ferraro Petrillo

Machine learning-based hardware malware detectors (HMDs) offer a potential game changing advantage in defending systems against malware. However, HMDs suffer from adversarial attacks, can be effectively reverse-engineered and subsequently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Md Shohidul Islam , Ihsen Alouani , Khaled N. Khasawneh

The parallel evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) with advanced code-understanding capabilities and the increasing sophistication of malware presents a new frontier for cybersecurity research. This paper evaluates the efficacy of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Aniesh Chawla , Udbhav Prasad

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are widely used statistical models for modeling sequential data. The parameter estimation for HMMs from time series data is an important learning problem. The predominant methods for parameter estimation are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-04-30 Carl Mattfeld

Machine Learning (ML)-based detectors are becoming essential to counter the proliferation of malware. However, common ML algorithms are not designed to cope with the dynamic nature of real-world settings, where both legitimate and malicious…

Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is often regarded as the dynamical model of choice in many fields and applications. It is also at the heart of most state-of-the-art speech recognition systems since the 70's. However, from Gaussian mixture models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-04 Sébastien Gagnon , Jean Rouat

The proliferation of malware, particularly through the use of packing, presents a significant challenge to static analysis and signature-based malware detection techniques. The application of packing to the original executable code renders…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Daniel Gibert , Nikolaos Totosis , Constantinos Patsakis , Giulio Zizzo , Quan Le

We consider learning parameters of Binomial Hidden Markov Models, which may be used to model DNA methylation data. The standard algorithm for the problem is EM, which is computationally expensive for sequences of the scale of the mammalian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Chicheng Zhang , Eran A. Mukamel , Kamalika Chaudhuri

In recent years, malware becomes more threatening. Concerning the increasing malware variants, there comes Machine Learning (ML)-based and Deep Learning (DL)-based approaches for heuristic detection. Nevertheless, the prediction accuracy of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Yuzhou Lin

Malware is a piece of software that was written with the intent of doing harm to data, devices, or people. Since a number of new malware variants can be generated by reusing codes, malware attacks can be easily launched and thus become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Fangtian Zhong , Zekai Chen , Minghui Xu , Guoming Zhang , Dongxiao Yu , Xiuzhen Cheng

Malware family classification remains a challenging task in automated malware analysis, particularly in real-world settings characterized by obfuscation, packing, and rapidly evolving threats. Existing machine learning and deep learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Samita Bai , Hamed Jelodar , Tochukwu Emmanuel Nwankwo , Parisa Hamedi , Mohammad Meymani , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Ali A. Ghorbani

Effective and efficient mitigation of malware is a long-time endeavor in the information security community. The development of an anti-malware system that can counteract an unknown malware is a prolific activity that may benefit several…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-08 Abien Fred Agarap

This study independently reproduces the malware detection methodology presented by Felli cious et al. [7], which employs order-invariant API call frequency analysis using Random Forest classification. We utilized the original public dataset…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Juhani Merilehto

The impressive growth of smartphone devices in combination with the rising ubiquity of using mobile platforms for sensitive applications such as Internet banking, have triggered a rapid increase in mobile malware. In recent literature, many…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Harris Papadopoulos , Nestoras Georgiou , Charalambos Eliades , Andreas Konstantinidis

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) and their extensions have proven to be powerful tools for classification of observations that stem from systems with temporal dependence as they take into account that observations close in time are likely…

Applications · Statistics 2021-11-22 Sofia Ruiz-Suarez , Vianey Leos-Barajas , Juan Manuel Morales

We aim to model unknown file processing. As the content of log files often evolves over time, we established a dynamic statistical model which learns and adapts processing and parsing rules. First, we limit the amount of unstructured text…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Nadine Kuhnert , Andreas Maier

This technical report presents a comprehensive analysis of malware classification using OpCode sequences. Two distinct approaches are evaluated: traditional machine learning using n-gram analysis with Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Varij Saini , Rudraksh Gupta , Neel Soni

We explore the use of traditional and contemporary hidden Markov models (HMMs) for sequential physiological data analysis and sepsis prediction in preterm infants. We investigate the use of classical Gaussian mixture model based HMM, and a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Antoine Honore , Dong Liu , David Forsberg , Karen Coste , Eric Herlenius , Saikat Chatterjee , Mikael Skoglund