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Explainable artificial intelligence (xAI) has gained significant attention in recent years. Among other things, explainablility for deep neural networks has been a topic of intensive research due to the meteoric rise in prominence of deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Ly Ly Trieu , Tran Cao Son

In addition to the impressive predictive power of machine learning (ML) models, more recently, explanation methods have emerged that enable an interpretation of complex non-linear learning models such as deep neural networks. Gaining a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Simon Letzgus , Patrick Wagner , Jonas Lederer , Wojciech Samek , Klaus-Robert Müller , Gregoire Montavon

AI is becoming increasingly common across different domains. However, as sophisticated AI-based systems are often black-boxed, rendering the decision-making logic opaque, users find it challenging to comply with their recommendations.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Niklas Kühl , Christian Meske , Maximilian Nitsche , Jodie Lobana

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly embedded in critical decision-making systems, however their foundational ``black-box'' models require eXplainable AI (XAI) solutions to enhance transparency, which are mostly oriented to experts,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Eva Paraschou , Ioannis Arapakis , Sofia Yfantidou , Sebastian Macaluso , Athena Vakali

In this paper I argue that the search for explainable models and interpretable decisions in AI must be reformulated in terms of the broader project of offering a pragmatic and naturalistic account of understanding in AI. Intuitively, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Andrés Páez

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has aided machine learning (ML) researchers with the power of scrutinizing the decisions of the black-box models. XAI methods enable looking deep inside the models' behavior, eventually generating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Maraz Mia , Mir Mehedi A. Pritom

Artificial intelligence (AI) enables machines to learn from human experience, adjust to new inputs, and perform human-like tasks. AI is progressing rapidly and is transforming the way businesses operate, from process automation to cognitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Ambreen Hanif

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the major technological advancements of this century, bearing incredible potential for users through AI-powered applications and tools in numerous domains. Being often black-box (i.e., its…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eleonora Cappuccio , Andrea Esposito , Francesco Greco , Giuseppe Desolda , Rosa Lanzilotti , Salvatore Rinzivillo

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising approach to enhancing Explainable AI (XAI) by transforming complex machine learning outputs into easy-to-understand narratives, making model predictions more accessible to users, and helping…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Ahsan Bilal , David Ebert , Beiyu Lin

Explainable AI (XAI) has been investigated for decades and, together with AI itself, has witnessed unprecedented growth in recent years. Among various approaches to XAI, argumentative models have been advocated in both the AI and social…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Kristijonas Čyras , Antonio Rago , Emanuele Albini , Pietro Baroni , Francesca Toni

Computer Vision, and hence Artificial Intelligence-based extraction of information from images, has increasingly received attention over the last years, for instance in medical diagnostics. While the algorithms' complexity is a reason for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Christian Meske , Enrico Bunde

The implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in the manufacturing domain enables higher production efficiency, outstanding performance, and safer operations, leveraging powerful tools such as deep learning and reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Georgios Sofianidis , Jože M. Rožanec , Dunja Mladenić , Dimosthenis Kyriazis

A cautious interpretation of AI regulations and policy in the EU and the USA place explainability as a central deliverable of compliant AI systems. However, from a technical perspective, explainable AI (XAI) remains an elusive and complex…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Neo Christopher Chung , Hongkyou Chung , Hearim Lee , Lennart Brocki , Hongbeom Chung , George Dyer

With the broader and highly successful usage of machine learning in industry and the sciences, there has been a growing demand for Explainable AI. Interpretability and explanation methods for gaining a better understanding about the problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Wojciech Samek , Grégoire Montavon , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Christopher J. Anders , Klaus-Robert Müller

The increasing use of Machine Learning (ML) in sensitive domains such as healthcare, finance, and public policy has raised concerns about the transparency of automated decisions. Explainable AI (XAI) addresses this by clarifying how models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Natalia Abarca , Andrés Carvallo , Claudia López Moncada , Felipe Bravo-Marquez

As systems based on opaque Artificial Intelligence (AI) continue to flourish in diverse real-world applications, understanding these black box models has become paramount. In response, Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as a field of research…

Over the last few years there has been rapid research growth into eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and the closely aligned Interpretable Machine Learning (IML). Drivers for this growth include recent legislative changes and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Richard Dazeley , Peter Vamplew , Cameron Foale , Charlotte Young , Sunil Aryal , Francisco Cruz

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is an emerging research topic of machine learning aimed at unboxing how AI systems' black-box choices are made. This research field inspects the measures and models involved in decision-making and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Guang Yang , Qinghao Ye , Jun Xia

Counterfactual explanations are increasingly used as an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) technique to provide stakeholders of complex machine learning algorithms with explanations for data-driven decisions. The popularity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Dieter Brughmans , Lissa Melis , David Martens

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medicine is remarkable, offering advanced diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. However, the inherent opacity of complex AI models presents significant challenges to their clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Binbin Wen , Yihang Wu , Tareef Daqqaq , Ahmad Chaddad