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A well-known problem when learning from user clicks are inherent biases prevalent in the data, such as position or trust bias. Click models are a common method for extracting information from user clicks, such as document relevance in web…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Romain Deffayet , Philipp Hager , Jean-Michel Renders , Maarten de Rijke

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in user-facing applications, from providing medical consultations to job interview advice. Recent research suggests that these models are becoming increasingly proficient at inferring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Matthew Kearney , Reuben Binns , Yarin Gal

In a world increasingly reliant on artificial intelligence, it is more important than ever to consider the ethical implications of artificial intelligence on humanity. One key under-explored challenge is labeler bias, which can create…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Luke Haliburton , Sinksar Ghebremedhin , Robin Welsch , Albrecht Schmidt , Sven Mayer

Off-policy evaluation (OPE) attempts to predict the performance of counterfactual policies using log data from a different policy. We extend its applicability by developing an OPE method for a class of both full support and deficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Yusuke Narita , Kyohei Okumura , Akihiro Shimizu , Kohei Yata

Decision making algorithms, in practice, are often trained on data that exhibits a variety of biases. Decision-makers often aim to take decisions based on some ground-truth target that is assumed or expected to be unbiased, i.e., equally…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-05 Miriam Rateike , Ayan Majumdar , Olga Mineeva , Krishna P. Gummadi , Isabel Valera

A website browser cookie is a small file created by a web server upon visitation, which is placed in the user's browser directory to enhance the user's experience. However, first and third-party cookies have become a significant threat to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Matthew Wheeler , Suleiman Saka , Sanchari Das

Additive two-tower models are popular learning-to-rank methods for handling biased user feedback in industry settings. Recent studies, however, report a concerning phenomenon: training two-tower models on clicks collected by well-performing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Philipp Hager , Onno Zoeter , Maarten de Rijke

Browser fingerprinting can be used to identify and track users across the Web, even without cookies, by collecting attributes from users' devices to create unique "fingerprints". This technique and resulting privacy risks have been studied…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Alex Berke , Enrico Bacis , Badih Ghazi , Pritish Kamath , Ravi Kumar , Robin Lassonde , Pasin Manurangsi , Umar Syed

Many sequential decision-making systems leverage data collected using prior policies to propose a new policy. For critical applications, it is important that high-confidence guarantees on the new policy's behavior are provided before…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Yash Chandak , Shiv Shankar , Philip S. Thomas

It is well known that the historical logs are used for evaluating and learning policies in interactive systems, e.g. recommendation, search, and online advertising. Since direct online policy learning usually harms user experiences, it is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-06 Li He , Long Xia , Wei Zeng , Zhi-Ming Ma , Yihong Zhao , Dawei Yin

Today, targeted online advertising relies on unique identifiers assigned to users through third-party cookies--a practice at odds with user privacy. While the web and advertising communities have proposed solutions that we refer to as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Yohan Beugin , Patrick McDaniel

Unbiased recommender learning (URL) and off-policy evaluation/learning (OPE/L) techniques are effective in addressing the data bias caused by display position and logging policies, thereby consistently improving the performance of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-14 Tatsuki Takahashi , Chihiro Maru , Hiroko Shoji

Choice decisions made by users of online applications can suffer from biases due to the users' level of engagement. For instance, low engagement users may make random choices with no concern for the quality of items offered. This biased…

Applications · Statistics 2016-08-30 Zhengli Wang , Tauhid Zaman

In online platforms, the impact of a treatment on an observed outcome may change over time as 1) users learn about the intervention, and 2) the system personalization, such as individualized recommendations, change over time. We introduce a…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-02 Evan Munro , David Jones , Jennifer Brennan , Roland Nelet , Vahab Mirrokni , Jean Pouget-Abadie

As mobile app usage continues to rise, so does the generation of extensive user interaction data, which includes actions such as swiping, zooming, or the time spent on a screen. Apps often collect a large amount of this data and claim to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Feiyang Tang , Bjarte M. Østvold

Matching users based on mutual preferences is a fundamental aspect of services driven by reciprocal recommendations, such as job search and dating applications. Although A/B tests remain the gold standard for evaluating new policies in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Yudai Hayashi , Shuhei Goda , Yuta Saito

We present a new approach to the problems of evaluating and learning personalized decision policies from observational data of past contexts, decisions, and outcomes. Only the outcome of the enacted decision is available and the historical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-04 Nathan Kallus

Off-policy evaluation in reinforcement learning offers the chance of using observational data to improve future outcomes in domains such as healthcare and education, but safe deployment in high stakes settings requires ways of assessing its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Omer Gottesman , Joseph Futoma , Yao Liu , Sonali Parbhoo , Leo Anthony Celi , Emma Brunskill , Finale Doshi-Velez

Ad-load balancing is a critical challenge in online advertising systems, particularly in the context of social media platforms, where the goal is to maximize user engagement and revenue while maintaining a satisfactory user experience. This…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Hitesh Sagtani , Madan Jhawar , Rishabh Mehrotra , Olivier Jeunen

Using offline datasets to evaluate conversational agents often fails to cover rare scenarios or to support testing new policies. This has motivated the use of controllable user simulators for targeted, counterfactual evaluation, typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Guy Tennenholtz , Ofer Meshi , Amir Globerson , Uri Shalit , Jihwan Jeong , Craig Boutilier