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Rare events are processes that occur upon the emergence of unlikely fluctuations. Unlike what their name suggests, rare events are fairly ubiquitous in nature, as the occurrence of many structural transformations in biology and material…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-02-26 Sarwar Hussain , Amir Haji-Akbari

Rare events are ubiquitous in many different fields, yet they are notoriously difficult to simulate because few, if any, events are observed in a conventiona l simulation run. Over the past several decades, specialised simulation methods…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-13 Rosalind J. Allen , Chantal Valeriani , Pieter Rein ten Wolde

Forward-flux sampling (FFS) is a path sampling technique that has gained increased popularity in recent years, and has been used to compute rates of rare event phenomena such as crystallization, condensation, hydrophobic evaporation, DNA…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-05-01 Amir Haji-Akbari

From Physics and Biology to Seismology and Economics, the behaviour of countless systems is determined by impactful yet unlikely transitions between metastable states known as \emph{rare events}, the study of which is essential for…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 Solomon Asghar , Qing-Xiang Pei , Giorgio Volpe , Ran Ni

Rare events such as nucleation processes are of ubiquitous importance in real systems. The most popular method for nonequilibrium systems, forward flux sampling (FFS), samples rare events by using interfaces to partition the whole…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-11-22 Huijun Jiang , Mingfeng Pu , Zhonghuai Hou

Understanding the dynamics of complex molecular processes is often linked to the study of infrequent transitions between long-lived stable states. The standard approach to the sampling of such rare events is to generate an ensemble of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2023-05-22 Sebastian Falkner , Alessandro Coretti , Salvatore Romano , Phillip Geissler , Christoph Dellago

Forecasting conditional stochastic nonlinear dynamical systems is a fundamental challenge repeatedly encountered across the biological and physical sciences. While flow-based models can impressively predict the temporal evolution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Adam P. Generale , Andreas E. Robertson , Surya R. Kalidindi

I give an overview of rare event simulation techniques to generate dynamical pathways across high free energy barriers. The methods on which I will concentrate are the reactive flux approach, transition path sampling, (replica-exchange)…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-03-17 Titus S. van Erp

Rare event sampling is a central problem in modern computational chemistry research. Among the existing methods, transition path sampling (TPS) can generate unbiased representations of reaction processes. However, its efficiency depends on…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Jintu Zhang , Odin Zhang , Luigi Bonati , TingJun Hou

The development of enhanced sampling methods has greatly extended the scope of atomistic simulations, allowing long-time phenomena to be studied with accessible computational resources. Many such methods rely on the identification of an…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-06-08 Luigi Bonati , GiovanniMaria Piccini , Michele Parrinello

Path sampling approaches have become invaluable tools to explore the mechanisms and dynamics of so-called rare events that are characterized by transitions between metastable states separated by sizeable free energy barriers. Their…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-06-08 Steven W. Hall , Grisell Díaz Leines , Sapna Sarupria , Jutta Rogal

In this paper we combine two powerful computational techniques, well-tempered metadynamics and time lagged independent component analysis. The aim is to develop a new tool for studying rare events and exploring complex free energy…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-12-08 James McCarty , Michele Parrinello

Solving decision problems in complex, stochastic environments is often achieved by estimating the expected outcome of decisions via Monte Carlo sampling. However, sampling may overlook rare, but important events, which can severely impact…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-16 Lachlan Gibson , Marcus Hoerger , Dirk Kroese

Sampling the free energy surface, namely, the distribution of collective variables (CVs), is a crucial problem in statistical physics, as it underpins a better understanding of chemical reactions and conformational transitions. Traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zichen Liu , Tiejun Li

We present a new method, Non-Stationary Forward Flux Sampling, that allows efficient simulation of rare events in both stationary and non-stationary stochastic systems. The method uses stochastic branching and pruning to achieve uniform…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2015-06-03 Nils B. Becker , Rosalind J. Allen , Pieter Rein ten Wolde

We introduce a method for elucidating and modifying the functionality of systems dominated by rare events that relies on the automated tuning of their underlying free energy surface. The proposed approach seeks to construct collective…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-08-31 Dan Mendels , Juan J. de Pablo

Extreme weather events epitomize high cost: to society through their physical impacts, and to computer servers that simulate them to assess risk and advance physical understanding. It costs hundreds of simulation years to sample a few…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Justin Finkel , Paul A. O'Gorman

We briefly review simulation schemes for the investigation of rare transitions and we resume the recently introduced Transition Interface Sampling, a method in which the computation of rate constants is recast into the computation of fluxes…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-10 Daniele Moroni , Titus S. van Erp , Peter G. Bolhuis

Flow matching (FM) is a family of training algorithms for fitting continuous normalizing flows (CNFs). Conditional flow matching (CFM) exploits the fact that the marginal vector field of a CNF can be learned by fitting least-squares…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-04 Ganchao Wei , Li Ma

Conditional Normalizing Flows (CNFs) are flexible generative models capable of representing complicated distributions with high dimensionality and large interdimensional correlations, making them appealing for structured output learning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Mohsen Zand , Ali Etemad , Michael Greenspan
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