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Loss functions are at the heart of deep learning, shaping how models learn and perform across diverse tasks. They are used to quantify the difference between predicted outputs and ground truth labels, guiding the optimization process to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Omar Elharrouss , Yasir Mahmood , Yassine Bechqito , Mohamed Adel Serhani , Elarbi Badidi , Jamal Riffi , Hamid Tairi

Loss function learning is a new meta-learning paradigm that aims to automate the essential task of designing a loss function for a machine learning model. Existing techniques for loss function learning have shown promising results, often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Christian Raymond , Qi Chen , Bing Xue , Mengjie Zhang

In this work, we introduce the {\em average top-$k$} (\atk) loss as a new aggregate loss for supervised learning, which is the average over the $k$ largest individual losses over a training dataset. We show that the \atk loss is a natural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-12-21 Yanbo Fan , Siwei Lyu , Yiming Ying , Bao-Gang Hu

The gradient descent (GD) has been one of the most common optimizer in machine learning. In particular, the loss landscape of a neural network is typically sharpened during the initial phase of training, making the training dynamics hover…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-14 Han Bao , Shinsaku Sakaue , Yuki Takezawa

This paper revisits the online learning approach to inverse linear optimization studied by B\"armann et al. (2017), where the goal is to infer an unknown linear objective function of an agent from sequential observations of the agent's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shinsaku Sakaue , Han Bao , Taira Tsuchiya

We study the problem of multiset prediction. The goal of multiset prediction is to train a predictor that maps an input to a multiset consisting of multiple items. Unlike existing problems in supervised learning, such as classification,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Sean Welleck , Zixin Yao , Yu Gai , Jialin Mao , Zheng Zhang , Kyunghyun Cho

Virtually all machine learning tasks are characterized using some form of loss function, and "good performance" is typically stated in terms of a sufficiently small average loss, taken over the random draw of test data. While optimizing for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-01 Matthew J. Holland , Kazuki Tanabe

In this paper we consider learning in passive setting but with a slight modification. We assume that the target expected loss, also referred to as target risk, is provided in advance for learner as prior knowledge. Unlike most studies in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-05-21 Mehrdad Mahdavi , Rong Jin

We show that learning can be improved by using loss functions that evolve cyclically during training to emphasize one class at a time. In underparameterized networks, such dynamical loss functions can lead to successful training for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Miguel Ruiz-Garcia , Ge Zhang , Samuel S. Schoenholz , Andrea J. Liu

Recent works have studied implicit biases in deep learning, especially the behavior of last-layer features and classifier weights. However, they usually need to simplify the intermediate dynamics under gradient flow or gradient descent due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Xiong Zhou , Xianming Liu , Hanzhang Wang , Deming Zhai , Junjun Jiang , Xiangyang Ji

Catastrophic forgetting is a critical challenge in training deep neural networks. Although continual learning has been investigated as a countermeasure to the problem, it often suffers from the requirements of additional network components…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Dongmin Park , Seokil Hong , Bohyung Han , Kyoung Mu Lee

Humans can often quickly and efficiently solve complex new learning tasks given only a small set of examples. In contrast, modern artificially intelligent systems often require thousands or millions of observations in order to solve even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Christian Raymond

The loss function is crucial to machine learning, especially in supervised learning frameworks. It is a fundamental component that controls the behavior and general efficacy of learning algorithms. However, despite their widespread use,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Soumi Mahato , Lineesh M. C

Recent works have revealed an essential paradigm in designing loss functions that differentiate individual losses vs. aggregate losses. The individual loss measures the quality of the model on a sample, while the aggregate loss combines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Shu Hu , Xin Wang , Siwei Lyu

Deep learning has non-convex loss landscape and its optimization dynamics is hard to analyze or control. Nevertheless, the dynamics can be empirically convex-like across various tasks, models, optimizers, hyperparameters, etc. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zhiqi Bu , Shiyun Xu , Jialin Mao

Regularized empirical risk minimization with constrained labels (in contrast to fixed labels) is a remarkably general abstraction of learning. For common loss and regularization functions, this optimization problem assumes the form of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-23 Iaroslav Shcherbatyi , Bjoern Andres

Associative memory models, such as Hopfield networks and their modern variants, have garnered renewed interest due to advancements in memory capacity and connections with self-attention in transformers. In this work, we introduce a unified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Saul Santos , Vlad Niculae , Daniel McNamee , André F. T. Martins

Despite the power of deep neural networks for a wide range of tasks, an overconfident prediction issue has limited their practical use in many safety-critical applications. Many recent works have been proposed to mitigate this issue, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Jooyoung Moon , Jihyo Kim , Younghak Shin , Sangheum Hwang

In this paper, we study the generalization properties of online learning based stochastic methods for supervised learning problems where the loss function is dependent on more than one training sample (e.g., metric learning, ranking). We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-05-14 Purushottam Kar , Bharath K Sriperumbudur , Prateek Jain , Harish C Karnick

We consider composite loss functions for multiclass prediction comprising a proper (i.e., Fisher-consistent) loss over probability distributions and an inverse link function. We establish conditions for their (strong) convexity and explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-22 Mark Reid , Robert Williamson , Peng Sun