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Twin-field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) fundamentally alters the rate-distance relationship of QKD, offering the scaling of a single-node quantum repeater. Although recent experiments have demonstrated the new opportunities for…

The basic principle of quantum mechanics guarantee the unconditional security of quantum key distribution (QKD) at the cost of inability of amplification of quantum state. As a result, despite remarkable progress in worldwide metropolitan…

Quantum key distribution is a way to distribute secret keys to distant users with information theoretic security and key rates suitable for real-world applications. Its rate-distance figure, however, is limited by the natural loss of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-12 Kiyoshi Tamaki , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Wenyuan Wang , Marco Lucamarini

Information-theoretical security of quantum key distribution (QKD) has been convincingly proven in recent years and remarkable experiments have shown the potential of QKD for real world applications. Due to its unique capability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-26 Marco Lucamarini , James F. Dynes , Bernd Fröhlich , Zhiliang Yuan , Andrew J. Shields

One of the most prominent techniques to enhance the performance of practical quantum key distribution (QKD) systems with laser sources is the decoy-state method. Current decoy-state QKD setups operate at GHz repetition rates, a regime where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-13 Xoel Sixto , Víctor Zapatero , Marcos Curty

Compared with two-level quantum key distribution (QKD), highdimensional QKD enable two distant parties to share a secret key at a higher rate. We provide a finite-key security analysis for the recently proposed practical highdimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-08 Haize Bao , Wansu Bao , Yang Wang , Chun Zhou , Ruike Chen

Decoy states have recently been proposed as a useful method for substantially improving the performance of quantum key distribution protocols when a coherent state source is used. Previously, data post-processing schemes based on one-way…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-16 Xiongfeng Ma , Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Frédéric Dupuis , Kai Chen , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers provably secure, information-theoretic key exchange, but in long-distance scenarios without quantum repeaters, Trusted Nodes (TNs) are commonly employed despite introducing critical security risks. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Sumit Chaudhary , Davide Li Calsi , JinHyeock Choi , Marc Geitz , Janis Nötzel

Long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) has long time seriously relied on trusted relay or quantum repeater, which either has security threat or is far from practical implementation. Recently, a solution called twin-field (TF) QKD and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-21 Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

Twin Field Quantum key Distribution (TFQKD) has attracted recent interest due to the higher secret key capacity better than the fundamental repeaterless limit and extending the achievable distance. The key generation in TFQKD is based on…

Optics · Physics 2024-09-06 Ishan Pandey , Varun Raghunathan

The security of quantum key distribution (QKD) relies on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, with which legitimate users are able to estimate information leakage by monitoring the disturbance of the transmitted quantum signals. Normally,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-03 Zhen Zhang , Xiao Yuan , Zhu Cao , Xiongfeng Ma

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) dramatically enhances the secure key rate (SKR) over inter-city distances through its square-root scaling. Further improvements in aggregate SKR can be achieved by wavelength-division…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising technology aiming at solving the security problem arising from the advent of quantum computers. While the main theoretical aspects are well developed today, limited performances, in terms of…

Reference-frame-independent measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (RFI-MDI-QKD) is a novel protocol which eliminates all possible attacks on detector side and necessity of reference-frame alignment in source sides.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-20 Feng-Yu Lu , Zhen-Qiang Yin , Guan-Jie Fan-Yuan , Rong Wang , Hang Liu , Shuang Wang , Wei Chen , De-Yong He

We analyze the significance for quantum key distribution (QKD) of free-space quantum communications results reported in a recent paper (J. C. Bienfang et al., quant-ph/0405097, hereafter referred to as "Bienfang et al."), who contrast the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Richard J. Hughes , Jane E. Nordholt

The sending-or-not-sending (SNS) protocol is one of the most major variants of the twin-field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol and has been realized in a 511 km field fiber, the farthest field experiment to date. In practice,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-04 Cong Jiang , Zong-Wen Yu , Xiao-Long Hu , Xiang-Bin Wang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) serves as a cornerstone of secure quantum communication, providing unconditional security grounded in quantum mechanics. While trusted-node networks have facilitated early QKD deployment, their vulnerability…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-10 Jingyang Liu , Xingyu Zhou , Huajian Ding , Jiaxin Xu , Chunhui Zhang , Jian Li , Qin Wang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a key application in quantum communication, enabling secure key exchange between parties using quantum states. Twin-field (TF) QKD offers a promising solution that surpasses the repeaterless limits, and its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-28 Chunfeng Huang , Rui Guan , Xin Liu , Wenjie He , Shizhuo Li , Hao Liang , Ziyang Luo , Zhenrong Zhang , Wei Li , Kejin Wei

High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HD-QKD) allows two parties to generate multiple secure bits of information per detected photon. In this work, we show that decoy state protocols can be practically implemented for HD-QKD using only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-02 Darius Bunandar , Zheshen Zhang , Jeffrey H. Shapiro , Dirk R. Englund

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables information-theoretically secure key generation between legitimate parties. To further enhance system performance, an improved two-way CV-QKD protocol has been proposed, which is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Yanhao Sun , Jiayu Ma , Xiangyu Wang , Song Yu , Ziyang Chen , Hong Guo