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Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables two remote parties to share encryption keys with information-theoretic security guaranteed by physical laws. Side-channel-secure QKD (SCS-QKD) has attracted considerable attention because it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Yang Zhou , Jing-Yang Liu , Chun-Hui Zhang , Chun-Wang Yi , Teng-Wen Jiang , Le-Chen Xu , Qin Wang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cornerstone of the secure quantum encryption. Building on the quantum irreversibility, we develop a technique reborning the existing QKDs into protocols that are unrestricted in distance and have…

Quantum resistance is vital for emerging cryptographic systems as quantum technologies continue to advance towards large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers. Resistance may be offered by quantum key distribution (QKD), which provides…

The advent of quantum computing threatens classical cryptographic mechanisms, demanding new strategies for securing communication networks. Since real-world networks cannot be fully Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)-enabled due to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Ane Sanz , Eire Salegi , Asier Atutxa , David Franco , Jasone Astorga , Eduardo Jacob

The possibility for quantum and classical communication to coexist on the same fibre is important for deployment and widespread adoption of quantum key distribution (QKD) and, more generally, a future quantum internet. While coexistence has…

Quantum cryptography is the field of cryptography that explores the quantum properties of matter. Its aim is to develop primitives beyond the reach of classical cryptography or to improve on existing classical implementations. Although much…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-20 Manuel B. Santos , Paulo Mateus , Armando N. Pinto

In typical laser communications classical information is encoded by modulating the amplitude of the laser beam and measured via direct detection. We add a layer of security using quantum physics to this standard scheme, applicable to…

In recent times, secure quantum communication in layered networks has emerged as an important area of study. In this paper, we harness the potential offered by multidimensional states in secure quantum communication with only one quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-31 Rajni Bala , Sooryansh Asthana , V. Ravishankar

Quantum Cryptography or Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technique that allows the secure distribution of a bit string, used as key in cryptographic protocols. When it was noted that quantum computers could break public key cryptosystems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-07-15 Mohamed Elboukhari , Mostafa Azizi , Abdelmalek Azizi

We present a new technique for proving the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. It is based on direct information-theoretic arguments and thus also applies if no equivalent entanglement purification scheme can be found.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 R. Renner , N. Gisin , B. Kraus

The secure transfer of information is an important problem in modern telecommunications. Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a solution to this problem by using individual quantum systems to generate correlated bits between remote…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-02 S. Etcheverry , G. Cañas , E. S. Gómez , W. A. T. Nogueira , C. Saavedra , G. B. Xavier , G. Lima

Quantum mechanics is the current best description of the world as we know it. Experiments have shown that quantum predictions are accurate up ten places of decimal. In quantum cryptography much work has been devoted to the study of Quantum…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-09-09 Jaydip Sen , Piyali Roy Chowdhury , Indranil Sengupta

A crucial goal for quantum key distribution (QKD) is to transmit unconditionally secure keys over long distances. Previous studies show that the key rate of point-to-point QKD is limited by a secret key rate capacity bound, and higher key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-30 Yingqiu Mao , Pei Zeng , Teng-Yun Chen

Semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) allows sharing random keys between a quantum user and a classical user, which significantly saves user resources, especially when using the Single-state protocol. However, the operation of the classical…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) theoretically provides unconditional security between remote parties. However, guaranteeing practical security through device characterisation alone is challenging in real-world implementations due to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Hao Dong , Cong Jiang , Di Ma , Chi Zhang , Jia Huang , Hao Li , Li-Xing You , Yang Liu , Xiang-Bin Wang , Qiang Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

Two QKD protocols with limited classical Bob who performs only limited classical operations (preparing a (fresh) qubit in the classical basis and send it or doing nothing) are presented and are proved completely robust. As limited classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-10-13 Zhiwei Sun , Ruigang Du , Dongyang Long

Simultaneous quantum-classical communications (SQCC) protocols are a family of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) protocols which allow for quantum and classical symbols to be integrated concurrently on the same optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Nicholas Zaunders , Ziqing Wang , Robert Malaney , Ryan Aguinaldo , Timothy C. Ralph

Digital signatures are widely used for providing security of communications. At the same time, the security of currently deployed digital signature protocols is based on unproven computational assumptions. An efficient way to ensure an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-19 E. O. Kiktenko , A. S. Zelenetsky , A. K. Fedorov

We present an overview of quantum key distribution (QKD), a secure key exchange method based on the quantum laws of physics rather than computational complexity. We also provide an overview of the two most widely used commodity security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-07-15 Alan Mink , Sheila Frankel , Ray Perlner

The promise of unconditional security in the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) depends on the availability of an authenticated classical channel. However, practical implementations often overlook this requirement or rely on computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Noureldin Mohamed , Saif Al-Kuwari