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A fairly comprehensive analysis is presented for the gradient descent dynamics for training two-layer neural network models in the situation when the parameters in both layers are updated. General initialization schemes as well as general…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Weinan E , Chao Ma , Lei Wu

We study the properties of alignment, a form of implicit regularization, in linear neural networks under gradient descent. We define alignment for fully connected networks with multidimensional outputs and show that it is a natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan , Eshaan Nichani , Daniel Bernstein , Caroline Uhler

Existing analyses of neural network training often operate under the unrealistic assumption of an extremely small learning rate. This lies in stark contrast to practical wisdom and empirical studies, such as the work of J. Cohen et al.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Kwangjun Ahn , Sébastien Bubeck , Sinho Chewi , Yin Tat Lee , Felipe Suarez , Yi Zhang

A prevalent belief among optimization specialists is that linear convergence of gradient descent is contingent on the function growing quadratically away from its minimizers. In this work, we argue that this belief is inaccurate. We show…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Damek Davis , Dmitriy Drusvyatskiy , Liwei Jiang

We propose a distributed algorithm based on Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to minimize the sum of locally known convex functions using communication over a network. This optimization problem emerges in many applications…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-01-05 Ali Makhdoumi , Asuman Ozdaglar

We study to what extent may stochastic gradient descent (SGD) be understood as a "conventional" learning rule that achieves generalization performance by obtaining a good fit to training data. We consider the fundamental stochastic convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Tomer Koren , Roi Livni , Yishay Mansour , Uri Sherman

Nonparametric regression with random design is considered. Estimates are defined by minimzing a penalized empirical $L_2$ risk over a suitably chosen class of neural networks with one hidden layer via gradient descent. Here, the gradient…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-12-10 Alina Braun , Michael Kohler , Harro Walk

This paper considers the problem of solving systems of quadratic equations, namely, recovering an object of interest $\mathbf{x}^{\natural}\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$ from $m$ quadratic equations/samples…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-13 Yuxin Chen , Yuejie Chi , Jianqing Fan , Cong Ma

Training neural networks requires optimizing a loss function that may be highly irregular, and in particular neither convex nor smooth. Popular training algorithms are based on stochastic gradient descent with momentum (SGDM), for which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Qinzi Zhang , Ashok Cutkosky

In recent years, artificial neural networks have developed into a powerful tool for addressing a multitude of problems for which classical solution approaches reach their limits. However, it is still unclear why gradient descent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Arnulf Jentzen , Timo Kröger

We consider a distributionally robust formulation of stochastic optimization problems arising in statistical learning, where robustness is with respect to uncertainty in the underlying data distribution. Our formulation builds on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-09 Mert Gürbüzbalaban , Andrzej Ruszczyński , Landi Zhu

In this work, we study the task of distributed optimization over a network of learners in which each learner possesses a convex cost function, a set of affine equality constraints, and a set of convex inequality constraints. We propose a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-06-18 Zaid J. Towfic , Ali H. Sayed

Finding parameters in a deep neural network (NN) that fit training data is a nonconvex optimization problem, but a basic first-order optimization method (gradient descent) finds a global optimizer with perfect fit (zero-loss) in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Zhiyan Ding , Shi Chen , Qin Li , Stephen Wright

Safety assurance is uncompromisable for safety-critical environments with the presence of drastic model uncertainties (e.g., distributional shift), especially with humans in the loop. However, incorporating uncertainty in safe learning will…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Alaa Eddine Chriat , Chuangchuang Sun

The analysis in Part I revealed interesting properties for subgradient learning algorithms in the context of stochastic optimization when gradient noise is present. These algorithms are used when the risk functions are non-smooth and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-04-21 Bicheng Ying , Ali H. Sayed

We analyze speed of convergence to global optimum for gradient descent training a deep linear neural network (parameterized as $x \mapsto W_N W_{N-1} \cdots W_1 x$) by minimizing the $\ell_2$ loss over whitened data. Convergence at a linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Sanjeev Arora , Nadav Cohen , Noah Golowich , Wei Hu

This paper studies the asymptotic behavior of the constant step Stochastic Gradient Descent for the minimization of an unknown function F , defined as the expectation of a non convex, non smooth, locally Lipschitz random function. As the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-04-13 Pascal Bianchi , Walid Hachem , Sholom Schechtman

In this work, we consider the problem of a network of agents collectively minimizing a sum of convex functions. The agents in our setting can only access their local objective functions and exchange information with their immediate…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-01 Charikleia Iakovidou , Ermin Wei

We consider settings in which the distribution of a multivariate random variable is partly ambiguous. We assume the ambiguity lies on the level of the dependence structure, and that the marginal distributions are known. Furthermore, a…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-05-27 Stephan Eckstein , Michael Kupper , Mathias Pohl

We demonstrate that applying an eventual decay to the learning rate (LR) in empirical risk minimization (ERM), where the mean-squared-error loss is minimized using standard gradient descent (GD) for training a two-layer neural network with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Kyle Sung , Kholood Khalil , Noah Forman , Steven Samu , Anastasis Kratsios