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We present a novel framework for iterative visual reasoning. Our framework goes beyond current recognition systems that lack the capability to reason beyond stack of convolutions. The framework consists of two core modules: a local module…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-30 Xinlei Chen , Li-Jia Li , Li Fei-Fei , Abhinav Gupta

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to localize specified entities or regions in an image based on natural language descriptions. While existing methods handle single-entity localization, they often ignore complex inter-entity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Yizhi Hu , Zezhao Tian , Xingqun Qi , Chen Su , Bingkun Yang , Junhui Yin , Muyi Sun , Man Zhang , Zhenan Sun

The classical human-robot interface in uncalibrated image-based visual servoing (UIBVS) relies on either human annotations or semantic segmentation with categorical labels. Both methods fail to match natural human communication and convey…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Chen Jiang , Yuchen Yang , Martin Jagersand

Referring expression grounding aims at locating certain objects or persons in an image with a referring expression, where the key challenge is to comprehend and align various types of information from visual and textual domain, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Xihui Liu , Zihao Wang , Jing Shao , Xiaogang Wang , Hongsheng Li

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to localize the image region corresponding to a natural language query. Recent neuro-symbolic REC approaches leverage large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs) to perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Hyejin Park , Junhyuk Kwon , Suha Kwak , Jungseul Ok

Referring expression comprehension (REC) aims to localize a target object within an image based on a given expression. Although recent advances in vision-language models have led to substantial improvements in REC tasks, current REC…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zongjian Wu , Lei Zhang

Referring expression segmentation aims to segment an object described by a language expression from an image. Despite the recent progress on this task, existing models tackling this task may not be able to fully capture semantics and visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Li Xu , Mark He Huang , Xindi Shang , Zehuan Yuan , Ying Sun , Jun Liu

Referring expression comprehension aims to locate the object instance described by a natural language referring expression in an image. This task is compositional and inherently requires visual reasoning on top of the relationships among…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Sibei Yang , Guanbin Li , Yizhou Yu

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) is one of the most important tasks in visual reasoning that requires a model to detect the target object referred by a natural language expression. Among the proposed pipelines, the one-stage…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Zhipeng Zhang , Zhimin Wei , Zhongzhen Huang , Rui Niu , Peng Wang

Existing methods for visual reasoning attempt to directly map inputs to outputs using black-box architectures without explicitly modeling the underlying reasoning processes. As a result, these black-box models often learn to exploit biases…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-05-11 Justin Johnson , Bharath Hariharan , Laurens van der Maaten , Judy Hoffman , Li Fei-Fei , C. Lawrence Zitnick , Ross Girshick

Referring Expression Generation (REG) aims to generate unambiguous Referring Expressions (REs) for objects in a visual scene, with a dual task of Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) to locate the referred object. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Fulong Ye , Yuxing Long , Fangxiang Feng , Xiaojie Wang

Referring Expressions Generation (REG) aims to produce textual descriptions that unambiguously identifies specific objects within a visual scene. Traditionally, this has been achieved through supervised learning methods, which perform well…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Lior Bracha , Eitan Shaar , Aviv Shamsian , Ethan Fetaya , Gal Chechik

Referring expression grounding is a core problem in visual grounding and is widely used as a diagnostic of spatial grounding and reasoning in vision and language models, yet most prior work focuses on natural images. In contrast, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Tianhao Niu , Ziyu Han , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Visual question answering requires high-order reasoning about an image, which is a fundamental capability needed by machine systems to follow complex directives. Recently, modular networks have been shown to be an effective framework for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-24 David Mascharka , Philip Tran , Ryan Soklaski , Arjun Majumdar

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) requires models to localize objects in images based on natural language descriptions. Research on the area remains predominantly English-centric, despite increasing global deployment demands. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Francisco Nogueira , Alexandre Bernardino , Bruno Martins

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC), which aims to ground a local visual region via natural language, is a task that heavily relies on multimodal alignment. Most existing methods utilize powerful pre-trained models to transfer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Ting Liu , Zunnan Xu , Yue Hu , Liangtao Shi , Zhiqiang Wang , Quanjun Yin

Referring expression comprehension (REC) aims to localize the target object described by a natural language expression. Recent advances in vision-language learning have led to significant performance improvements in REC tasks. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Kanoko Goto , Takumi Hirose , Mahiro Ukai , Shuhei Kurita , Nakamasa Inoue

Referring remote sensing image segmentation is crucial for achieving fine-grained visual understanding through free-format textual input, enabling enhanced scene and object extraction in remote sensing applications. Current research…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Keyan Chen , Jiafan Zhang , Chenyang Liu , Zhengxia Zou , Zhenwei Shi

Video Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to localize a target object in videos based on the queried natural language. Recent improvements in video REC have been made using Transformer-based methods with learnable queries.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Ji Jiang , Meng Cao , Tengtao Song , Long Chen , Yi Wang , Yuexian Zou

We consider generation and comprehension of natural language referring expression for objects in an image. Unlike generic "image captioning" which lacks natural standard evaluation criteria, quality of a referring expression may be measured…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-01-13 Ruotian Luo , Gregory Shakhnarovich