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Culture and language evolve together. The old literary form of Tamil is used commonly for writing and the contemporary colloquial Tamil is used for speaking. Human-computer interaction applications require Colloquial Tamil (CT) to make it…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-27 M. Nanmalar , P. Vijayalakshmi , T. Nagarajan

In a world of digitization, optical character recognition holds the automation to written history. Optical character recognition system basically converts printed images into editable texts for better storage and usability. To be completely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Abu Saleh Md. Abir , Sanjana Rahman , Samia Ellin , Maisha Farzana , Md Hridoy Manik , Chowdhury Rafeed Rahman

We present OCR-Quality, a comprehensive human-annotated dataset designed for evaluating and developing OCR quality assessment methods. The dataset consists of 1,000 PDF pages converted to PNG images at 300 DPI, sampled from diverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yulong Zhang

Language Models (LMs) are indispensable tools shaping modern workflows, but their global effectiveness depends on understanding local socio-cultural contexts. To address this, we introduce SANSKRITI, a benchmark designed to evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Arijit Maji , Raghvendra Kumar , Akash Ghosh , Anushka , Sriparna Saha

Poetry generation in Sanskrit typically requires the verse to be semantically coherent and adhere to strict prosodic rules. In Sanskrit prosody, every line of a verse is typically a fixed length sequence of syllables adhering to prescribed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Manoj Balaji Jagadeeshan , Atul Singh , Nallani Chakravartula Sahith , Amrith Krishna , Pawan Goyal

Scene text recognition in low-resource Indian languages is challenging because of complexities like multiple scripts, fonts, text size, and orientations. In this work, we investigate the power of transfer learning for all the layers of deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Sanjana Gunna , Rohit Saluja , C. V. Jawahar

Language Identification (LI) is crucial for various natural language processing tasks, serving as a foundational step in applications such as sentiment analysis, machine translation, and information retrieval. In multilingual societies like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Aniket Deroy , Subhankar Maity

We address the challenges and opportunities in the development of knowledge systems for Sanskrit, with a focus on question answering. By proposing a framework for the automated construction of knowledge graphs, introducing annotation tools…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Hrishikesh Terdalkar

We present a neural Sanskrit Natural Language Processing (NLP) toolkit named SanskritShala (a school of Sanskrit) to facilitate computational linguistic analyses for several tasks such as word segmentation, morphological tagging, dependency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Jivnesh Sandhan , Anshul Agarwal , Laxmidhar Behera , Tushar Sandhan , Pawan Goyal

Diacritic characters can be considered as a unique set of characters providing us with adequate and significant clue in identifying a given language with considerably high accuracy. Diacritics, though associated with phonetics often serve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Shubham Vatsal , Nikhil Arora , Gopi Ramena , Sukumar Moharana , Dhruval Jain , Naresh Purre , Rachit S Munjal

SinhaLegal introduces a Sinhala legislative text corpus containing approximately 2 million words across 1,206 legal documents. The dataset includes two types of legal documents: 1,065 Acts dated from 1981 to 2014 and 141 Bills from 2010 to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Minduli Lasandi , Nevidu Jayatilleke

The Latin script is often used to informally write languages with non-Latin native scripts. In many cases (e.g., most languages in India), the lack of conventional spelling in the Latin script results in high spelling variability. Such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Adrian Benton , Alexander Gutkin , Christo Kirov , Brian Roark

Language modeling has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, with Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT setting unparalleled benchmarks in human-like text generation. However, a prevailing limitation is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Abhinand Balachandran

Optical character recognition (OCR) and multilingual text understanding remain major failure modes of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), particularly in real-world images containing cluttered layouts, small fonts, blur, occlusion,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Qinwu Xu , Yifan Jiang , Haoyu Ren

The language identification task is a crucial fundamental step in NLP. Often it serves as a pre-processing step for widely used NLP applications such as multilingual machine translation, information retrieval, question and answering, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yash Ingle , Pruthwik Mishra

Determining the readability of a text is the first step to its simplification. In this paper, we present a readability analysis tool capable of analyzing text written in the Bengali language to provide in-depth information on its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Susmoy Chakraborty , Mir Tafseer Nayeem , Wasi Uddin Ahmad

Developing Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems for Indian languages has been a long-standing challenge, mainly owing to the requirement of a large amount of annotated clean training instances. This paper proposes an end-to-end framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Akshara Prabhakar , Gouri Sankar Majumder , Ashish Anand

Large Language models (LLMs) have been prominent for language translation, including low-resource languages. There has been limited study on the assessment of the quality of translations generated by LLMs, including Gemini, GPT, and Google…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Rohitash Chandra , Aryan Chaudhari , Yeshwanth Rayavarapu

The Nepali language has distinct linguistic features, especially its complex script (Devanagari script), morphology, and various dialects,which pose a unique challenge for Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tasks. While the Nepali…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Jinu Nyachhyon , Mridul Sharma , Prajwal Thapa , Bal Krishna Bal

Traditional OCR systems (OCR-1.0) are increasingly unable to meet people's usage due to the growing demand for intelligent processing of man-made optical characters. In this paper, we collectively refer to all artificial optical signals…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Haoran Wei , Chenglong Liu , Jinyue Chen , Jia Wang , Lingyu Kong , Yanming Xu , Zheng Ge , Liang Zhao , Jianjian Sun , Yuang Peng , Chunrui Han , Xiangyu Zhang