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Smoothing is a technique for estimating the state of an imperfectly monitored open system by combining both prior and posterior measurement information. In the quantum regime, current approaches to smoothing either give unphysical outcomes,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Mingxuan Liu , Valerio Scarani , Alexia Auffèves , Kiarn T. Laverick

Quantum state smoothing is a technique for estimating the quantum state of a partially observed quantum system at time $\tau$, conditioned on an entire observed measurement record (both before and after $\tau$). However, this smoothing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-14 Kiarn T. Laverick , Areeya Chantasri , Howard M. Wiseman

Smoothing is an estimation method whereby a classical state (probability distribution for classical variables) at a given time is conditioned on all-time (both past and future) observations. Here we define a smoothed quantum state for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-25 Ivonne Guevara , Howard Wiseman

Smoothing is a technique that estimates the state of a system using measurement information both prior and posterior to the estimation time. Two notable examples of this technique are the Rauch-Tung-Striebel and Mayne-Fraser-Potter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-24 Kiarn T. Laverick

Tracking the dynamics of a quantum system is conventionally achieved by monitoring the system continuously in time and filtering the information contained in measurement records via the causal quantum trajectory approach. However, in…

Quantum state smoothing is a technique to estimate an unknown true state of an open quantum system based on partial measurement information both prior and posterior to the time of interest. In this paper, we show that the smoothed quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-24 Kiarn T. Laverick , Ivonne Guevara , Howard M. Wiseman

Smoothing is an estimation technique that takes into account both past and future observations, and can be more accurate than filtering alone. In this Letter, a quantum theory of smoothing is constructed using a time-symmetric formalism,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-14 Mankei Tsang

State smoothing is a technique to estimate a state at a particular time, conditioned on information obtained both before (past) and after (future) that time. For a classical system, the smoothed state is a normalized product of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Kiarn T. Laverick , Prahlad Warszawski , Areeya Chantasri , Howard M. Wiseman

Quantum state smoothing is a technique to construct an estimate of the quantum state at a particular time, conditioned on a measurement record from both before and after that time. The technique assumes that an observer, Alice, monitors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-04 Kiarn T. Laverick , Areeya Chantasri , Howard M. Wiseman

Quantum state tomography is a technique in quantum information science used to reconstruct the density matrix of an unknown quantum state, providing complete information about the quantum state. It is of significant importance in fields…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Wenlong Zhao , Da Zhang , Huili Zhang , Haifeng Yu , Zhang-qi Yin

We investigate the estimation technique called quantum state smoothing introduced by Guevara and Wiseman [Phys.~Rev.~Lett.~{\bf 115}, 180407 (2015)], which offers a valid quantum state estimate for a partially monitored system, conditioned…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-23 Areeya Chantasri , Ivonne Guevara , Howard M. Wiseman

Quantum state purification is the task of recovering a nearly pure copy of an unknown pure quantum state using multiple noisy copies of the state. This basic task has applications to quantum communication over noisy channels and quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-22 Andrew M. Childs , Honghao Fu , Debbie Leung , Zhi Li , Maris Ozols , Vedang Vyas

Weak quantum measurements enable real-time tracking and control of dynamical quantum systems, producing quantum trajectories -- evolutions of the quantum state of the system conditioned on measurement outcomes. For classical systems, the…

Estimating the state of an open quantum system monitored over time requires incorporating information from past measurements (filtering) and, for improved accuracy, also from future measurements (smoothing). While classical smoothing is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Mingxuan Liu , Ge Bai , Valerio Scarani

Quantum state tomography, the ability to deduce the state of a quantum system from measured data, is the gold standard for verification and benchmarking of quantum devices. It has been realized in systems with few components, but for larger…

Quantum initial state estimation through entanglement and continuous measurement is introduced. This paper provides a unified formulation of classical and quantum smoothing and shows a smoothing uncertainty relation. As an example, a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-12-06 Masahiro Yanagisawa

This paper provides a stabilizing preparation method for quantum Gaussian states by utilizing continuous measurement. The stochastic evolution of the open quantum system is described in terms of the quantum stochastic master equation. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-28 Liying Bao , Bo Qi , Daoyi Dong

Quantum state tomography (QST) aims at estimating a quantum state from averaged quantum measurements made on copies of the state. Most quantum algorithms rely on QST at some point and it is a well explored topic in the literature, mostly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 François Verdeil , Yannick Deville

We present a method for quantum state tomography that enables the efficient estimation, with fixed precision, of any of the matrix elements of the density matrix of a state, provided that the states from the basis in which the matrix is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-12 Ariel Bendersky , Juan Pablo Paz

We establish methods for quantum state tomography based on compressed sensing. These methods are specialized for quantum states that are fairly pure, and they offer a significant performance improvement on large quantum systems. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 David Gross , Yi-Kai Liu , Steven T. Flammia , Stephen Becker , Jens Eisert
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