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With LLM watermarking already being deployed commercially, practical applications increasingly require multibit watermarks that encode more complex payloads, such as user IDs or timestamps, into the generated text. In this work, we propose…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Mark Vero , Martin Vechev

Image embeddings are generally assumed to pose limited privacy risk. We challenge this assumption by formalizing semantic leakage as the ability to recover semantic structures from compressed image embeddings. Surprisingly, we show that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yiyi Chen , Qiongkai Xu , Desmond Elliott , Qiongxiu Li , Johannes Bjerva

Digital Photo images are everywhere around us in journals, on walls, and over the Internet. However we have to be conscious that seeing does not always imply reality. Photo images become a rich subject of manipulations due to the advanced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Ahmad M. Nagm , Mohamed Torky , Khaled Y. Youssef

In this digital era, ensuring the security of digital data during transmission and storage is crucial. Digital data, particularly image data, needs to be protected against unauthorized access. To address this, this paper presents a novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Muhammad Ali , Jawad Ahmad , Muhammad Abdullah Hussain Khan , Safee Ullah , Mujeeb Ur Rehman , Syed Aziz Shah , Muhammad Shahbaz Khan

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to applications such as question answering and content creation, reliable content attribution has become increasingly important. Watermarking is a promising approach, but most existing methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ya Jiang , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Surender Suresh Kumar , Kai Zeng

This work explores the extent to which LSB embedding can be made secure against structural steganalysis through a modification of cover image statistics prior to message embedding. Natural images possess symmetries that are expressed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Brian A. Powell

Federated learning (FL) allows multiple participants to collaboratively build deep learning (DL) models without directly sharing data. Consequently, the issue of copyright protection in FL becomes important since unreliable participants may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Wenyuan Yang , Shuo Shao , Yue Yang , Xiyao Liu , Ximeng Liu , Zhihua Xia , Gerald Schaefer , Hui Fang

Watermarking approaches are widely used to identify if images being circulated are authentic or AI-generated. Determining the robustness of image watermarking methods in the ``no-box'' setting, where the attacker is assumed to have no…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Qilong Wu , Varun Chandrasekaran

This paper proposes a tag identify approach based on fragile Watermark that based on Least significant bit of the replacement that we first use a special way to initialize the cover to ensure that we can use random positions to embed the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2014-11-26 Jianbiao Lin , Ke Ji , Hui Lin , Enyan Wu , Xin Gao

Image steganography is the art of hiding secret message in grayscale or color images. Easy detection of secret message for any state-of-art image steganography can break the stego system. To prevent the breakdown of the stego system data is…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Soumendu Chakraborty , Anand Singh Jalal , Charul Bhatnagar

We study multi-bit watermarking for data generated by stochastic processes, where a hidden message is embedded during sampling and must be decodable by an authorized detector that possesses side information unavailable to unauthorized…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Zhuoer Shen , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

Semantic watermarking techniques for latent diffusion models (LDMs) are robust against regeneration attacks, but often suffer from detection performance degradation due to the loss of frequency integrity. To tackle this problem, we propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Sung Ju Lee , Nam Ik Cho

This work proposes a different procedure to encrypt images of 256 grey levels and colour, using the symmetric system Advanced Encryption Standard with a variable permutation in the first round, after the x-or operation. Variable permutation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-09-22 V. M. Silva-García , R. Flores-Carapia , C. Rentería-Máarquez , B. Luna-Benoso , C. A. Jiménez Vázquez

As generative models enable rapid creation of high-fidelity images, societal concerns about misinformation and authenticity have intensified. A promising remedy is multi-bit image watermarking, which embeds a multi-bit message into an image…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-14 An Luo , Jie Ding

LLM watermarking has attracted attention as a promising way to detect AI-generated content, with some works suggesting that current schemes may already be fit for deployment. In this work we dispute this claim, identifying watermark…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

Watermarking is one of the most important copyright protection tools for digital media. The most challenging type of watermarking is the imperceptible one, which embeds identifying information in the data while retaining the latter's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Natan Semyonov , Rami Puzis , Asaf Shabtai , Gilad Katz

Watermarking is an operation of embedding an information into an image in a way that allows to identify ownership of the image despite applying some distortions on it. In this paper, we presented a novel end-to-end solution for embedding…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Marcin Plata , Piotr Syga

Watermarking is a technique for hiding of data in a medium coverage so that its presence is not detectable by a human eye and is recoverable only by the authorized recipient. Two of the most important features of watermarked image are…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Saeideh Nabipour , Javad Javidan , Majid Khorrami , Jila Azimzadeh

In recent years, LLM watermarking has emerged as an attractive safeguard against AI-generated content, with promising applications in many real-world domains. However, there are growing concerns that the current LLM watermarking schemes are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Shayleen Reynolds , Hengzhi He , Dung Daniel T. Ngo , Saheed Obitayo , Niccolò Dalmasso , Guang Cheng , Vamsi K. Potluru , Manuela Veloso

With the development of cloud storage and privacy protection, reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) has attracted increasing attention as a technology that can embed additional data in the encryption domain. In general, an…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Youzhi Xiang , Zhaoxia Yin , Xinpeng Zhang
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