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The growing integration of vehicles with external networks has led to a surge in attacks targeting their Controller Area Network (CAN) internal bus. As a countermeasure, various Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) have been suggested in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Francesco Marchiori , Mauro Conti

High-end vehicles have been furnished with a number of electronic control units (ECUs), which provide upgrading functions to enhance the driving experience. The controller area network (CAN) is a well-known protocol that connects these ECUs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Thien-Nu Hoang , Daehee Kim

The lack of any sender authentication mechanism in place makes CAN (Controller Area Network) vulnerable to security threats. For instance, an attacker can impersonate an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) on the bus and send spoofed messages…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Shailja Thakur

Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) enhance mobility but face cybersecurity threats, particularly through the insecure Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. Cyberattacks can have devastating consequences in connected vehicles, including…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Muzun Althunayyan , Amir Javed , Omer Rana

The network of services, including delivery, farming, and environmental monitoring, has experienced exponential expansion in the past decade with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Yet, UAVs are not robust enough against cyberattacks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Reek Majumder , Gurcan Comert , David Werth , Adrian Gale , Mashrur Chowdhury , M Sabbir Salek

Modern vehicles are increasingly vulnerable to attacks that exploit network infrastructures, particularly the Controller Area Network (CAN) networks. To effectively counter such threats using contemporary tools like Intrusion Detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Sadek Misto Kirdi , Nicola Scarano , Franco Oberti , Luca Mannella , Stefano Di Carlo , Alessandro Savino

Due to the rising number of sophisticated customer functionalities, electronic control units (ECUs) are increasingly integrated into modern automotive systems. However, the high connectivity between the in-vehicle and the external networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Natasha Alkhatib , Maria Mushtaq , Hadi Ghauch , Jean-Luc Danger

The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol, essential for automotive embedded systems, lacks inherent security features, making it vulnerable to cyber threats, especially with the rise of autonomous vehicles. Traditional security measures…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Franco Oberti , Stefano Di Carlo , Alessandro Savino

Over the years, the increasingly complex and interconnected vehicles raised the need for effective and efficient Intrusion Detection Systems against on-board networks. In light of the stringent domain requirements and the heterogeneity of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Stefano Longari , Alessandro Nichelini , Carlo Alberto Pozzoli , Michele Carminati , Stefano Zanero

Recent years have seen an exponential rise in complex software-driven functionality in vehicles, leading to a rising number of electronic control units (ECUs), network capabilities, and interfaces. These expanded capabilities also bring-in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Shashwat Khandelwal , Shreejith Shanker

Advanced electronic units inside modern vehicles have enhanced the driving experience, but also introduced a myriad of security problems due to the inherent limitations of the internal communication protocol. In the last two decades, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Chandra Sharma , Samuel Moylan , George Amariucai , Eugene Y. Vasserman

Vehicle technology has developed rapidly these years, however, the security measures for in-vehicle network does not keep up with the trend. Controller area network(CAN) is the most used protocol in the in-vehicle network. With the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Hsinlin Tan

Vehicles become more vulnerable to remote attackers in modern days due to their increasing connectivity and range of functionality. Such increased attack vectors enable adversaries to access a vehicle Electronic Control Unit (ECU). As of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Marcel Kneib , Oleg Schell , Christopher Huth

Modern vehicles rely on a myriad of electronic control units (ECUs) interconnected via controller area networks (CANs) for critical operations. Despite their ubiquitous use and reliability, CANs are susceptible to sophisticated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-18 William Marfo , Pablo Moriano , Deepak K. Tosh , Shirley V. Moore

Radiological material transportation is primarily facilitated by heavy-duty on-road vehicles. Modern vehicles have dozens of electronic control units or ECUs, which are small, embedded computers that communicate with sensors and each other…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Samuel C Hollifield , Pablo Moriano , William L Lambert , Joel Asiamah , Isaac Sikkema , Michael D Iannacone

Nowadays with the help of advanced technology, modern vehicles are not only made up of mechanical devices but also consist of highly complex electronic devices and connections to the outside world. There are around 70 Electronic Control…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Omid Avatefipour , Hafiz Malik

Modern vehicles may contain a considerable number of ECUs (Electronic Control Units) which are connected through various means of communication, with the CAN (Controller Area Network) protocol being the most widely used. However, several…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Robert Buttigieg , Mario Farrugia , Clyde Meli

Modern vehicles contain scores of Electrical Control Units (ECUs) that broadcast messages over a Controller Area Network (CAN). Vehicle manufacturers rely on security through obscurity by concealing their unique mapping of CAN messages to…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-11-21 Miki E. Verma , Robert A. Bridges , Samuel C. Hollifield

The large number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) mounted on modern cars and their expansive communication capabilities create a substantial attack surface for potential exploitation. Despite the evolution of automotive technology, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Alessandro Lotto , Francesco Marchiori , Alessandro Brighente , Mauro Conti

Despite being a legacy protocol with various known security issues, Controller Area Network (CAN) still represents the de-facto standard for communications within vehicles, ships, and industrial control systems. Many research works have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Denis Donadel , Kavya Balasubramanian , Alessandro Brighente , Bhaskar Ramasubramanian , Mauro Conti , Radha Poovendran