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Due to the trial-and-error nature, it is typically challenging to apply RL algorithms to safety-critical real-world applications, such as autonomous driving, human-robot interaction, robot manipulation, etc, where such errors are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Weiye Zhao , Yifan Sun , Feihan Li , Rui Chen , Ruixuan Liu , Tianhao Wei , Changliu Liu

In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) methods have been widely tested using tools like OpenAI Gym, though many tasks in these environments could also benefit from hierarchical planning. However, there is a lack of a tool that enables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ngoc La , Ruaridh Mon-Williams , Julie A. Shah

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a highly effective technique for addressing various scientific and applied problems. Despite its success, certain complex tasks remain challenging to be addressed solely with a single model and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Yanjie Song , P. N. Suganthan , Witold Pedrycz , Junwei Ou , Yongming He , Yingwu Chen , Yutong Wu

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) has recently shown promising advances on speeding up learning, improving the exploration, and discovering intertask transferable skills. Most recent works focus on HRL with two levels, i.e., a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Yuhang Song , Jianyi Wang , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Zhenghua Xu , Mai Xu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) struggles in problems with delayed rewards, and one approach is to segment the task into sub-tasks with incremental rewards. We propose a framework called Hierarchical Inverse Reinforcement Learning (HIRL), which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-04-25 Sanjay Krishnan , Animesh Garg , Richard Liaw , Lauren Miller , Florian T. Pokorny , Ken Goldberg

Recent advances in Reinforcement Learning (RL) combined with Deep Learning (DL) have demonstrated impressive performance in complex tasks, including autonomous driving. The use of RL agents in autonomous driving leads to a smooth human-like…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Briti Gangopadhyay , Harshit Soora , Pallab Dasgupta

Robust reinforcement learning (RL) aims to learn policies that remain effective despite uncertainties in its environment, which frequently arise in real-world applications due to variations in environment dynamics. The robust RL methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Linh Le Pham Van , Minh Hoang Nguyen , Hung Le , Hung The Tran , Sunil Gupta

As an emerging technology, Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) are believed to have the ability to move through intersections in a faster and safer manner, through effective Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication and global observation.…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Guanzhou Li , Jianping Wu , Yujing He

Routing is a crucial and time-consuming stage in modern design automation flow for advanced technology nodes. Great progress in the field of reinforcement learning makes it possible to use those approaches to improve the routing quality and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Zhanwen Zhou , Hankz Hankui Zhuo , Xiaowu Zhang , Qiyuan Deng

The design and deployment of autonomous systems for space missions require robust solutions to navigate strict reliability constraints, extended operational duration, and communication challenges. This study evaluates the stability and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Henry Lei , Zachary S. Lippay , Anonto Zaman , Joshua Aurand , Amin Maghareh , Sean Phillips

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has proven highly effective at enhancing the complex reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet underlying mechanisms driving this success remain largely opaque. Our analysis reveals that puzzling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haozhe Wang , Qixin Xu , Che Liu , Junhong Wu , Fangzhen Lin , Wenhu Chen

We study a Stackelberg game between one attacker and one defender in a configurable environment. The defender picks a specific environment configuration. The attacker observes the configuration and attacks via Reinforcement Learning (RL…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Diksha Goel , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann , Hung Nguyen , Mingyu Guo

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a pivotal component of large language model (LLM) post-training, and agentic RL extends this paradigm to operate as agents through multi-turn interaction and tool use. Scaling such systems exposes two…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zheyue Tan , Mustapha Abdullahi , Tuo Shi , Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Chao Yu , Boxun Li , Bo Zhao

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has emerged as a powerful solution for meeting the growing demands for connectivity, reliability, low latency and operational efficiency in advanced networks. However, most research has focused on…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Haiyuan Li , Hari Madhukumar , Peizheng Li , Yuelin Liu , Yiran Teng , Yulei Wu , Ning Wang , Shuangyi Yan , Dimitra Simeonidou

Goal-conditioned Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) is a promising approach for scaling up reinforcement learning (RL) techniques. However, it often suffers from training inefficiency as the action space of the high-level, i.e., the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Tianren Zhang , Shangqi Guo , Tian Tan , Xiaolin Hu , Feng Chen

Open-ended learning benefits immensely from the use of symbolic methods for goal representation as they offer ways to structure knowledge for efficient and transferable learning. However, the existing Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Mehdi Zadem , Sergio Mover , Sao Mai Nguyen

Edge computing faces unprecedented resource orchestration challenges from multi-dimensional heterogeneity across device architectures, diverse task requirements in CPU-intensive, GPU-intensive, I/O-intensive, and dynamic network conditions.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jianyong Zhu , Hao Chen , Juan Zhang , Fangda Guo , Albert Y. Zomaya , Renyu Yang

Developing decision-making algorithms for highly automated driving systems remains challenging, since these systems have to operate safely in an open and complex environments. Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches can learn comprehensive…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-01 M. Youssef Abdelhamid , Lennart Vater , Zlatan Ajanovic

Robotic systems are nowadays capable of solving complex navigation tasks. However, their capabilities are limited to the knowledge of the designer and consequently lack generalizability to initially unconsidered situations. This makes deep…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Christopher Gebauer , Nils Dengler , Maren Bennewitz

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR) has proven effective for training reasoning-oriented large language models, but existing methods largely assume high-resource settings with abundant training data. In low-resource…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhanyu Liu , Qingguo Hu , Ante Wang , Chenqing Liu , Zhishang Xiang , Hui Li , Delai Qiu , Jinsong Su