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Related papers: Data-Driven Inference, Reconstruction, and Observa…

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The purpose of this paper is to formalize the concept that best synthesizes our intuitive understanding of quantum mechanics -- that the information carried by a system is limited -- and, from this principle, to construct the foundations of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-04 Paolo Ferro

Quantum state tomography is a fundamental tool in quantum information processing. It allows us to estimate the state of a quantum system by measuring different observables on many identically prepared copies of the system. This is, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-28 Carlos A. Riofrío

Informationally complete measurements on a quantum system allow to estimate the expectation value of any arbitrary operator by just averaging functions of the experimental outcomes. We show that such kind of measurements can be achieved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 G. M. D'Ariano , P. Perinotti , M. F. Sacchi

The problem of measurement in quantum mechanics is reanalyzed within a general, strictly probabilistic framework (without reduction postulate). Based on a novel comprehensive definition of measurement the natural emergence of objective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Markus Simonius

Informationally complete measurements allow the estimation of expectation values of any operator on a quantum system, by changing only the data-processing of the measurement outcomes. In particular, an informationally complete measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 G. M. D'Ariano , P. Perinotti , M. F. Sacchi

Predicting the outcomes of quantum measurements is a cornerstone of quantum information theory and a key resource for quantum technologies. Here, we introduce a comprehensive framework for quantifying the predictability of measurements on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Dennis I. Martínez-Moreno , Miguel Castillo-Celeita , Diego G. Bussandri

The measurement postulate of quantum theory stands in conflict with the laws of thermodynamics and has evoked debate regarding what actually constitutes a measurement. With the help of modern quantum statistical mechanics, we take the first…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Emanuel Schwarzhans , Felix C. Binder , Marcus Huber , Maximilian P. E. Lock

Comparing probability distributions is a core challenge across the natural, social, and computational sciences. Existing methods, such as Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD), struggle in high-dimensional and non-compact domains. Here we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-09 Logan S. McCarty

State of a $d$-dimensional quantum system can only be inferred by performing an informationally complete measurement with $m\geqslant d^2$ outcomes. However, an experimentally accessible measurement can be informationally incomplete. Here…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-18 V. A. Zhuravlev , S. N. Filippov

Observations or measurements taken of a quantum system (a small number of fundamental particles) are inherently random. If the state of the system depends on unknown parameters, then the distribution of the outcome depends on these…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Richard D. Gill

We address how one can empirically infer properties of quantum states generated by dynamics involving measurements. Our focus is on many-body settings where the number of measurements is extensive, making brute-force approaches based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-19 Max McGinley

No consensus seems to exist as to what constitutes a measurement which is still considered somewhat mysterious in many respects in quantum mechanics. At successive stages mathematical theory of measure, metrology and measurement theory…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-21 Paolo Rocchi , Orlando Panella

Inference is the task of drawing conclusions about unobserved variables given observations of related variables. Applications range from identifying diseases from symptoms to classifying economic regimes from price movements. Unfortunately,…

Quantum theory allows information to flow through a single device in a coherent superposition of two opposite directions, resulting into situations where the input-output direction is indefinite. Here we introduce a theoretical method to…

A key concept of quantum information theory is that accessing information encoded in a quantum system requires us to discriminate between several possible states the system could be in. A natural generalization of this problem, namely,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Tathagata Gupta , Shayeef Murshid , Vincent Russo , Somshubhro Bandyopadhyay

Symmetric informationally complete measurements are both important building blocks in many quantum information protocols and the seminal example of a generalised, non-orthogonal, quantum measurement. In higher-dimensional systems, these…

Quantum metrology is a general term for methods to precisely estimate the value of an unknown parameter by actively using quantum resources. In particular, some classes of entangled states can be used to significantly suppress the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-01 Takanori Sugiyama

We define a complete measurement of a quantum observable (POVM) as a measurement of the maximally refined version of the POVM. Complete measurements give information from the multiplicities of the measurement outcomes and can be viewed as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-05 Juha-Pekka Pellonpää

The usual conjectures of quantum measurements approaches, inspired from the traditional interpretation of Heisenberg's ("uncertainty") relations, are proved as being incorrect. A group of reconsidered conjectures and a corresponding new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Spiridon Dumitru

Quantum simulators offer powerful means to investigate strongly correlated quantum matter. However, interpreting measurement outcomes in such systems poses significant challenges. Here, we present a theoretical framework for information…