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For a practical quantum key distribution (QKD) system, parameter optimization - the choice of intensities and probabilities of sending them - is a crucial step in gaining optimal performance, especially when one realistically considers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-01 Wenyuan Wang , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Despite the robust security guarantees of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), its practical deployment is significantly challenged by the dynamic nature of quantum channels and the complexity of real-time parameter optimization. In this paper,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Noureldin Mohamed , Jawaher Kaldari , Saif Al-Kuwari

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) can eliminate detector side channels and prevent all attacks on detectors. The future of MDI-QKD is a quantum network that provides service to many users over untrusted relay…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Wenyuan Wang , Feihu Xu , Hoi-Kwong Lo

We propose a method named as double-scanning method, to improve the key rate of measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) drastically. In the method, two parameters are scanned simultaneously to tightly estimate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-20 Cong Jiang , Zong-Wen Yu , Xiao-Long Hu , Xiang-Bin Wang

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) eliminates detector side-channel attacks by relocating all measurements to an untrusted intermediate node. However, its practical implementation critically relies on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 A. P. Pljonkin

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) provide expressive probabilistic models by leveraging quantum superposition and entanglement, yet their practical training remains challenging due to highly oscillatory loss landscapes and noise inherent to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 Jaemin Seo

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) has been demonstrated in both laboratories and field-tests using attenuated lasers combined with the decoy-state technique. Although researchers have studied various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-06-03 Feihu Xu , He Xu , Hoi-Kwong Lo

This paper proposes an optimization of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Networks using Graph Neural Networks (GNN) framework. Today, the development of quantum computers threatens the security systems of classical cryptography. Moreover, as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-21 Akshit Pramod Anchan , Ameiy Acharya , Leki Chom Thungon

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are highly flexible predictive models. However, reliably quantifying uncertainty for their predictions is a continuing challenge. There has been much recent work on "recalibration" of predictive…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-12 R. Torres , D. J. Nott , S. A. Sisson , T. Rodrigues , J. G. Reis , G. S. Rodrigues

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) promises unconditional secure generation of the key between two remote participants, based on the laws of quantum physics. However, because of the imperfections in the real-life implementation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-12 Mah Noor

We present a detailed description of a widely applicable mathematical model for quantum key distribution (QKD) systems implementing the measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocol. The model is tested by comparing its predictions with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-22 Philip Chan , Joshua A. Slater , Itzel Lucio-Martinez , Allison Rubenok , Wolfgang Tittel

In recent years Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been rapidly developed in various applications, together with increasingly complex architectures. The performance gain of these DNNs generally comes with high computational costs and large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-05 Yiren Zhou , Seyed-Mohsen Moosavi-Dezfooli , Ngai-Man Cheung , Pascal Frossard

On the pathway to quantum key distribution on a global scale, will be the realization of metropolitan-sized Memory Assisted Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution (MA-MDI-QKD) systems. Here, we present a simplistic and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Fares Nada , Amber Hussain , Tasmi R. Ahmed , Connor Kupchak

We experimentally realize a measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) system based on cost-effective and commercially available hardware such as distributed feedback (DFB) lasers and field-programmable gate arrays…

Backpropagation (BP) of errors is the backbone training algorithm for artificial neural networks (ANNs). It updates network weights through gradient descent to minimize a loss function representing the mismatch between predictions and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-13 Davide Casnici , Charlotte Frenkel , Justin Dauwels

Bayesian estimation is a powerful theoretical paradigm for the operation of quantum sensors. However, the Bayesian method for statistical inference generally suffers from demanding calibration requirements that have so far restricted its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-22 Samuel P. Nolan , Augusto Smerzi , Luca Pezzè

Backpropagation (BP) is the standard algorithm for training the deep neural networks that power modern artificial intelligence including large language models. However, BP is energy inefficient and unlikely to be implemented by the brain.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Francesco Innocenti

Real-world BB84 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems utilize imperfect devices that introduce vulnerabilities to their security, known as side-channel attacks. Measurement-Device-Independent (MDI) QKD authorizes an untrusted third party…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Kazi Reaz , Md Mehdi Hassan , Adrien Green , Noah Crum , George Siopsis

We address the problem of optimal pumping strategies in quantum networks. These networks enable secure communication by distributing entangled photon pairs to user (or node) pairs. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols, like BBM92,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-21 Sanidhay Bhambay , Siddarth Koduru Joshi , Thirupathaiah Vasantam , Neil Walton

We present a general model on the simulation of the measurement-device independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD). It can be used to predict experimental observations of a MDI-QKD with linear channel loss, simulating corresponding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-03 Qin Wang , Xiang-Bin Wang
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