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Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance on complex reasoning tasks using techniques such as chain-of-thought and self-consistency. However, ensemble-based approaches, especially self-consistency which relies on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Qinglin Zeng , Jing Yang , Keze Wang

Assessing cognitive workload is crucial for human performance as it affects information processing, decision making, and task execution. Pupil size is a valuable indicator of cognitive workload, reflecting changes in attention and arousal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Quang Dang , Murat Kucukosmanoglu , Michael Anoruo , Golshan Kargosha , Sarah Conklin , Justin Brooks

Recent reasoning models show the ability to reflect, backtrack, and self-validate their reasoning, which is crucial in spotting mistakes and arriving at accurate solutions. A natural question that arises is how effectively models can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Sohee Yang , Sang-Woo Lee , Nora Kassner , Daniela Gottesman , Sebastian Riedel , Mor Geva

Spatial reasoning is central to navigation and robotics, yet measuring model capabilities on these tasks remains difficult. Existing benchmarks evaluate models in a one-shot setting, requiring full solution generation in a single response,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lars Benedikt Kaesberg , Tianyu Yang , Niklas Bauer , Terry Ruas , Jan Philip Wahle , Bela Gipp

Early and reliable detection of cognitive decline is one of the most important challenges of current healthcare. In this project we developed an approach whereby a frequently played computer game can be used to assess a variety of cognitive…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2016-11-15 Stuart Hagler , Holly B. Jimison , Misha Pavel

Prior work has developed a range of automated measures ("detectors") of student self-regulation and engagement from student log data. These measures have been successfully used to make discoveries about student learning. Here, we extend…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Ashish Gurung , Jionghao Lin , Zhongtian Huang , Conrad Borchers , Ryan S. Baker , Vincent Aleven , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Self-reflecting about our performance (e.g., how confident we are) before doing a task is essential for decision making, such as selecting the most suitable tool or choosing the best route to drive. While this form of awareness -- thinking…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Ajith Anil Meera , Pablo Lanillos

With the increase of distance learning, in general, and e-learning, in particular, having a system capable of determining the engagement of students is of primordial importance, and one of the biggest challenges, both for teachers,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Prabin Sharma , Shubham Joshi , Subash Gautam , Sneha Maharjan , Salik Ram Khanal , Manuel Cabral Reis , João Barroso , Vítor Manuel de Jesus Filipe

We studied the impact of metacognitive reflections on recently completed work as a way to improve the retention of newly-learned problem-solving techniques. Students video-recorded themselves talking through problems immediately after…

Physics Education · Physics 2022-09-05 Aaron Reinhard , Alex Felleson , Paula Turner , Maxwell Green

Agitation is one of the most prevalent symptoms in people with dementia (PwD) that can place themselves and the caregiver's safety at risk. Developing objective agitation detection approaches is important to support health and safety of PwD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Zhidong Meng , Andrea Iaboni , Bing Ye , Kristine Newman , Alex Mihailidis , Zhihong Deng , Shehroz S. Khan

This study used eye-tracking to capture the students' visual attention while taking the test of understanding graphs in kinematics (TUG-K). A total of N = 115 upper-secondary-level students from Germany and Switzerland took the 26-item…

When making significant life decisions, people increasingly turn to conversational AI tools, such as large language models (LLMs). However, LLMs often steer users toward solutions, limiting metacognitive awareness of their own…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Morita Tarvirdians , Senthil Chandrasegaran , Hayley Hung , Catholijn M. Jonker , Catharine Oertel

The cost of drawing object bounding boxes (i.e. labeling) for millions of images is prohibitively high. For instance, labeling pedestrians in a regular urban image could take 35 seconds on average. Active learning aims to reduce the cost of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Hamed H. Aghdam , Abel Gonzalez-Garcia , Joost van de Weijer , Antonio M. López

Despite the remarkable capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in natural language understanding and reasoning, they often display undesirable behaviors, such as generating hallucinations and unfaithful reasoning. A prevalent strategy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Yaoke Wang , Yun Zhu , Xintong Bao , Wenqiao Zhang , Suyang Dai , Kehan Chen , Wenqiang Li , Gang Huang , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang

In collaborative settings, sustaining momentum and engagement between checkpoints (e.g., meetings) can be challenging, often leading to task drift and reduced preparedness. To address this gap, we developed ReflectEd, an AI-assisted system…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Md Nazmus Sakib , Ishika Tarin , Naga Manogna Rayasam , Manas Gaur , Sanorita Dey

R1-style LLMs have attracted growing attention for their capacity for self-reflection, yet the internal mechanisms underlying such behavior remain unclear. To bridge this gap, we anchor on the onset of reflection behavior and trace its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yanrui Du , Yibo Gao , Sendong Zhao , Jiayun Li , Haochun Wang , Qika Lin , Kai He , Bing Qin , Mengling Feng

As mobile technologies have become ubiquitous in recent years, computer-based cognitive tests have become more popular and efficient. In this work, we focus on assessing motor function in children by analyzing their gait movements. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Mohammad Zaki Zadeh , Ashwin Ramesh Babu , Ashish Jaiswal , Maria Kyrarini , Morris Bell , Fillia Makedon

Recently, slow-thinking reasoning systems, such as o1, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in solving complex reasoning tasks. These systems typically engage in an extended thinking process before responding to a query, allowing them…

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) demonstrate strong performance in complex tasks but often face the challenge of overthinking, leading to substantially high inference costs. Existing approaches synthesize shorter reasoning responses for LRMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Hexuan Deng , Wenxiang Jiao , Xuebo Liu , Jun Rao , Min Zhang

The purpose of this study is to explore students' backtracking patterns in using a digital textbook and reveal the relationship between backtracking behaviors and academic performance as well as learning styles. The study was carried out…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Bo Jiang , Meijun Gu , Chengjiu Yin