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Fast matrix multiplication can be described as searching for low-rank decompositions of the matrix--multiplication tensor. We design a neural architecture, \textsc{StrassenNet}, which reproduces the Strassen algorithm for $2\times 2$…

In 2003, Cohn and Umans proposed a group-theoretic approach to bounding the exponent of matrix multiplication. Previous work within this approach ruled out certain families of groups as a route to obtaining $\omega = 2$, while other…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2022-04-11 Jonah Blasiak , Henry Cohn , Joshua A. Grochow , Kevin Pratt , Chris Umans

We propose a strategy for the generation of fast and accurate versions of non-commutative recursive matrix multiplication algorithms. To generate these algorithms, we consider matrix and tensor norm bounds governing the stability and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-25 Jean-Guillaume Dumas , Clément Pernet , Alexandre Sedoglavic

The border rank of the matrix multiplication operator for n by n matrices is a standard measure of its complexity. Using techniques from algebraic geometry and representation theory, we show the border rank is at least 2n^2-n. Our bounds…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-06-04 J. M. Landsberg , Giorgio Ottaviani

We prove lower bounds of order $n\log n$ for both the problem to multiply polynomials of degree $n$, and to divide polynomials with remainder, in the model of bounded coefficient arithmetic circuits over the complex numbers. These lower…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Peter Buergisser , Martin Lotz

Let $M_{\langle u,v,w\rangle}\in C^{uv}\otimes C^{vw}\otimes C^{wu}$ denote the matrix multiplication tensor (and write $M_n=M_{\langle n,n,n\rangle}$) and let $det_3\in ( C^9)^{\otimes 3}$ denote the determinant polynomial considered as a…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2019-11-20 Austin Conner , Alicia Harper , J. M. Landsberg

We introduce a relaxation of the notion of tensor rank, called s-rank, and show that upper bounds on the s-rank of the matrix multiplication tensor imply upper bounds on the ordinary rank. In particular, if the "s-rank exponent of matrix…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2013-01-01 Henry Cohn , Christopher Umans

Matrix multiplication is a cornerstone operation in a wide array of scientific fields, including machine learning and computer graphics. The standard algorithm for matrix multiplication has a complexity of $\mathcal{O}(n^3)$ for $n\times n$…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Afzal Ahmad , Linfeng Du , Wei Zhang

We determine the border subrank of higher order structure tensors of several families of algebras, and in particular obtain the following results. (1) We determine tight bounds on the border subrank of $k$-fold matrix multiplication and…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2026-04-23 Chia-Yu Chang , Fulvio Gesmundo , Jeroen Zuiddam

It is known that the multiplication of an $N \times M$ matrix with an $M \times P$ matrix can be performed using fewer multiplications than what the naive $NMP$ approach suggests. The most famous instance of this is Strassen's algorithm for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Arnaud Deza , Chang Liu , Pashootan Vaezipoor , Elias B. Khalil

What is the time complexity of matrix multiplication of sparse integer matrices with $m_{in}$ nonzeros in the input and $m_{out}$ nonzeros in the output? This paper provides improved upper bounds for this question for almost any choice of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Amir Abboud , Karl Bringmann , Nick Fischer , Marvin Künnemann

We introduce a method for transforming low-order tensors into higher-order tensors and apply it to tensors defined by graphs and hypergraphs. The transformation proceeds according to a surgery-like procedure that splits vertices, creates…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-08 Matthias Christandl , Jeroen Zuiddam

Algebraic matrix multiplication algorithms are designed by bounding the rank of matrix multiplication tensors, and then using a recursive method. However, designing algorithms in this way quickly leads to large constant factors: if one…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Josh Alman , Hantao Yu

In a paper published in 1981, Sch\"onhage showed that large total matrix multiplications can be reduced to powers of partial matrix multiplication tensors, which correspond to the bilinear computation task of multiplying matrices with some…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Péter Vrana

We propose a non-commutative algorithm for multiplying 2x2 matrices using 7 coefficient products. This algorithm reaches simultaneously a better accuracy in practice compared to previously known such fast algorithms, and a time complexity…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-07-01 Jean-Guillaume Dumas , Clément Pernet , Alexandre Sedoglavic

We show how to construct highly symmetric algorithms for matrix multiplication. In particular, we consider algorithms which decompose the matrix multiplication tensor into a sum of rank-1 tensors, where the decomposition itself consists of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-12-13 Joshua A. Grochow , Cristopher Moore

After Strassen presented the first sub-cubic matrix multiplication algorithm, many Strassen-like algorithms are presented. Most of them with low asymptotic cost have large hidden leading coefficient which are thus impractical. To reduce the…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Pu Wu , Huiqing Jiang , Zehui Shao , Jin Xu

The complexity of bilinear maps (equivalently, of $3$-mode tensors) has been studied extensively, most notably in the context of matrix multiplication. While circuit complexity and tensor rank coincide asymptotically for $3$-mode tensors,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Cornelius Brand , Radu Curticapean , Petteri Kaski , Baitian Li , Ian Orzel , Tim Seppelt , Jiaheng Wang

Obtaining superlinear lower bounds on tensor rank is a major open problem in complexity theory. In this paper we propose a generalization of the approach used by Strassen in the proof of his 3n/2 border rank lower bound. Our approach…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Pascal Koiran

We develop a notion of {\em inner rank} as a tool for obtaining lower bounds on the rank of matrix multiplication tensors. We use it to give a short proof that the border rank (and therefore rank) of the tensor associated with $n\times n$…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Joel Friedman