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Uncertainty approximation in text classification is an important area with applications in domain adaptation and interpretability. One of the most widely used uncertainty approximation methods is Monte Carlo (MC) Dropout, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Andreas Nugaard Holm , Dustin Wright , Isabelle Augenstein

We propose a novel approach which exploits chaos to enhance classification accuracy. Specifically, the available data that need to be classified are treated as vectors that are first lifted into a higher-dimensional space and then used as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Panos Stinis

The softmax activation function plays a crucial role in the success of large language models (LLMs), particularly in the self-attention mechanism of the widely adopted Transformer architecture. However, the underlying learning dynamics that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yang Cao , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

In order to push the performance on realistic computer vision tasks, the number of classes in modern benchmark datasets has significantly increased in recent years. This increase in the number of classes comes along with increased ambiguity…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-04-14 Maksim Lapin , Matthias Hein , Bernt Schiele

Extreme multi-label classification (XMLC) is a learning task of tagging instances with a small subset of relevant labels chosen from an extremely large pool of possible labels. Problems of this scale can be efficiently handled by organizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Kalina Jasinska-Kobus , Marek Wydmuch , Krzysztof Dembczynski , Mikhail Kuznetsov , Robert Busa-Fekete

With the tremendous success of deep learning in visual tasks, the representations extracted from intermediate layers of learned models, that is, deep features, attract much attention of researchers. Previous empirical analysis shows that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Qi Qian , Juhua Hu , Hao Li

Softmax classifiers with a very large number of classes naturally occur in many applications such as natural language processing and information retrieval. The calculation of full softmax is costly from the computational and energy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Shabnam Daghaghi , Tharun Medini , Nicholas Meisburger , Beidi Chen , Mengnan Zhao , Anshumali Shrivastava

Nowadays artificial neural network models achieve remarkable results in many disciplines. Functions mapping the representation provided by the model to the probability distribution are the inseparable aspect of deep learning solutions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Klaudia Bałazy , Łukasz Struski , Marek Śmieja , Jacek Tabor

Large-scale Hierarchical Classification (HC) involves datasets consisting of thousands of classes and millions of training instances with high-dimensional features posing several big data challenges. Feature selection that aims to select…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-07 Azad Naik , Huzefa Rangwala

Large language models (LLMs) have made transformed changes for human society. One of the key computation in LLMs is the softmax unit. This operation is important in LLMs because it allows the model to generate a distribution over possible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Yichuan Deng , Zhihang Li , Zhao Song

Is the output softmax layer, which is adopted by most language models (LMs), always the best way to compute the next word probability? Given so many attention layers in a modern transformer-based LM, are the pointer networks redundant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Haw-Shiuan Chang , Zonghai Yao , Alolika Gon , Hong Yu , Andrew McCallum

We propose a novel approach to the problem of clustering hierarchically aggregated time-series data, which has remained an understudied problem though it has several commercial applications. We first group time series at each aggregated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Xing Han , Tongzheng Ren , Jing Hu , Joydeep Ghosh , Nhat Ho

Deploying deep neural networks for risk-sensitive tasks necessitates an uncertainty estimation mechanism. This paper introduces hierarchical selective classification, extending selective classification to a hierarchical setting. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shani Goren , Ido Galil , Ran El-Yaniv

Softmax distributions are widely used in machine learning, including Large Language Models (LLMs), where the attention unit uses softmax distributions. We abstract the attention unit as the softmax model, where given a vector input, the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-02 Yuzhou Gu , Zhao Song , Junze Yin

Attempts of learning from hierarchical taxonomies in computer vision have been mostly focusing on image classification. Though ways of best harvesting learning improvements from hierarchies in classification are far from being solved, there…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Sindi Shkodrani , Yu Wang , Marco Manfredi , Nóra Baka

Softmax is widely used in neural networks for multiclass classification, gate structure and attention mechanisms. The statistical assumption that the input is normal distributed supports the gradient stability of Softmax. However, when used…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Shulun Wang , Bin Liu , Feng Liu

Numerous models for supervised and reinforcement learning benefit from combinations of discrete and continuous model components. End-to-end learnable discrete-continuous models are compositional, tend to generalize better, and are more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-27 David Friede , Mathias Niepert

Despite great popularity of applying softmax to map the non-normalised outputs of a neural network to a probability distribution over predicting classes, this normalised exponential transformation still seems to be artificial. A theoretic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Zhenyue Qin , Dongwoo Kim

We introduce a new method for building classification models when we have prior knowledge of how the classes can be arranged in a hierarchy, based on how easily they can be distinguished. The new method uses a Bayesian form of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Babak Shahbaba , Radford M. Neal

Extreme multi-label classification (XMLC) is a problem of tagging an instance with a small subset of relevant labels chosen from an extremely large pool of possible labels. Large label spaces can be efficiently handled by organizing labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Marek Wydmuch , Kalina Jasinska , Mikhail Kuznetsov , Róbert Busa-Fekete , Krzysztof Dembczyński