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Batch Normalization (BN) is a common technique used to speed-up and stabilize training. On the other hand, the learnable parameters of BN are commonly used in conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGANs) for representing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-27 Aliaksandr Siarohin , Enver Sangineto , Nicu Sebe

Batch normalization (BN) is a technique to normalize activations in intermediate layers of deep neural networks. Its tendency to improve accuracy and speed up training have established BN as a favorite technique in deep learning. Yet,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Johan Bjorck , Carla Gomes , Bart Selman , Kilian Q. Weinberger

The successful training of deep neural networks requires addressing challenges such as overfitting, numerical instabilities leading to divergence, and increasing variance in the residual stream. A common solution is to apply regularization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Jörg K. H. Franke , Urs Spiegelhalter , Marianna Nezhurina , Jenia Jitsev , Frank Hutter , Michael Hefenbrock

Deep Neural Networks reached state-of-the-art performance across numerous domains, but this progress has come at the cost of increasingly large and over-parameterized models, posing serious challenges for deployment on resource-constrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Dario Malchiodi , Mattia Ferraretto , Marco Frasca

Representing signals using coordinate networks dominates the area of inverse problems recently, and is widely applied in various scientific computing tasks. Still, there exists an issue of spectral bias in coordinate networks, limiting the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Zhicheng Cai , Hao Zhu , Qiu Shen , Xinran Wang , Xun Cao

Batch Normalization (BN) improves both convergence and generalization in training neural networks. This work understands these phenomena theoretically. We analyze BN by using a basic block of neural networks, consisting of a kernel layer, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-25 Ping Luo , Xinjiang Wang , Wenqi Shao , Zhanglin Peng

Weighting procedures are used in observational causal inference to adjust for covariate imbalance within the sample. Common practice for inference is to estimate robust standard errors from a weighted regression of outcome on treatment.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-29 Erin Hartman , Chad Hazlett , Arisa Sadeghpour

We introduce Group equivariant Convolutional Neural Networks (G-CNNs), a natural generalization of convolutional neural networks that reduces sample complexity by exploiting symmetries. G-CNNs use G-convolutions, a new type of layer that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-06 Taco S. Cohen , Max Welling

Binarized neural networks, or BNNs, show great promise in edge-side applications with resource limited hardware, but raise the concerns of reduced accuracy. Motivated by the complex neural networks, in this paper we introduce complex…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Yanfei Li , Tong Geng , Ang Li , Huimin Yu

We introduce canonical weight normalization for convolutional neural networks. Inspired by the canonical tensor decomposition, we express the weight tensors in so-called canonical networks as scaled sums of outer vector products. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Lokesh Veeramacheneni , Moritz Wolter , Reinhard Klein , Jochen Garcke

Control for confounders in observational studies was generally handled through stratification and standardization until the 1960s. Standardization typically reweights the stratum-specific rates so that exposure categories become comparable.…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-03-11 Niels Keiding , David Clayton

We introduce a Normalized Convolutional Neural Layer, a novel approach to normalization in convolutional networks. Unlike conventional methods, this layer normalizes the rows of the im2col matrix during convolution, making it inherently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Dongsuk Kim , Geonhee Lee , Myungjae Lee , Shin Uk Kang , Dongmin Kim

Batch Normalization (BN) has become an essential technique in contemporary neural network design, enhancing training stability. Specifically, BN employs centering and scaling operations to standardize features along the batch dimension and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Shaobo Wang , Xiangdong Zhang , Dongrui Liu , Junchi Yan

In this study, we consider classification problems based on neural networks in data-imbalanced environment. Learning from an imbalanced data set is one of the most important and practical problems in the field of machine learning. A…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-02 Muneki Yasuda , Seishirou Ueno

We introduce a new technique for gradient normalization during neural network training. The gradients are rescaled during the backward pass using normalization layers introduced at certain points within the network architecture. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Alejandro Cabana , Luis F. Lago-Fernández

Quantization can drastically increase the efficiency of large language and vision models, but typically incurs an accuracy drop. Recently, function-preserving transforms (e.g. rotations, Hadamard transform, channel-wise scaling) have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Marco Federici , Boris van Breugel , Paul Whatmough , Markus Nagel

Recent works have highlighted scale invariance or symmetry present in the weight space of a typical deep network and the adverse effect it has on the Euclidean gradient based stochastic gradient descent optimization. In this work, we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-04 Vijay Badrinarayanan , Bamdev Mishra , Roberto Cipolla

This paper proposes a novel batch normalization strategy for test-time adaptation. Recent test-time adaptation methods heavily rely on the modified batch normalization, i.e., transductive batch normalization (TBN), which calculates the mean…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Hyesu Lim , Byeonggeun Kim , Jaegul Choo , Sungha Choi

Emerging applications increasingly demand flexible covariate adaptive randomization (CAR) methods that support unequal targeted allocation ratios. While existing procedures can achieve covariate balance, they often suffer from the shift…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-27 Hengjia Fang , Wei Ma

Reconstructing the 3D model of a physical object typically requires us to align the depth scans obtained from different camera poses into the same coordinate system. Solutions to this global alignment problem usually proceed in two steps.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Xiangru Huang , Zhenxiao Liang , Xiaowei Zhou , Yao Xie , Leonidas Guibas , Qixing Huang
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