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Previously, self-verifying symmetric difference automata were defined and a tight bound of 2^n-1-1 was shown for state complexity in the unary case. We now consider the non-unary case and show that, for every n at least 2, there is a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-23 Laurette Marais , Lynette van Zijl

Two quantum finite automata are equivalent if for all input string $\omega$ over the input alphabet the two automata accept $\omega$ with equal probability. In [Theoret. Comput. Sci. 410 (2009) 3006-3017], it was shown that a $k_1$-letter…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Tianrong Lin

A weighted automaton is functional if any two accepting runs on the same finite word have the same value. In this paper, we investigate functional weighted automata for four different measures: the sum, the mean, the discounted sum of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Emmanuel Filiot , Raffaella Gentilini , Jean-François Raskin

We consider the previously defined notion of finite-state independence and we focus specifically on normal words. We characterize finite-state independence of normal words in three different ways, using three different kinds of asynchronous…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-07-10 Nicolás Álvarez , Verónica Becher , Olivier Carton

A deterministic finite (semi)automaton is primitive if its transition monoid (semigroup) acting on the set of states has no non-trivial congruences. It is synchronizing if it contains a constant map (transformation). In analogy to…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Igor Rystsov , Marek Szykuła

Squares (fragments of the form $xx$, for some string $x$) are arguably the most natural type of repetition in strings. The basic algorithmic question concerning squares is to check if a given string of length $n$ is square-free, that is,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Jonas Ellert , Paweł Gawrychowski , Garance Gourdel

We introduce homing vector automata, which are finite automata augmented by a vector that is multiplied at each step by a matrix determined by the current transition, and have to return the vector to its original setting in order to accept…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Özlem Salehi , A. C. Cem Say , Flavio D'Alessandro

The \v{C}ern\'y conjecture (\v{C}ern\'y, 1964) states that each n-state \san\ possess a \sw\ of length $(n-1)^2$. From the other side the best upper bound for the \rl\ of n-state \sa\ known so far is equal to $\frac{n^3-n}6$ (Pin, 1983) and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Mikhail Berlinkov

We propose an efficient algorithm for determinising counting automata (CAs), i.e., finite automata extended with bounded counters. The algorithm avoids unfolding counters into control states, unlike the na\"ive approach, and thus produces…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Lukáš Holík , Ondřej Lengál , Olli Saarikivi , Lenka Turoňová , Margus Veanes , Tomáš Vojnar

We investigate the complexity of algorithms counting ones in different sets of operations. With addition and logical operations (but no shift) $O(\log^2(n))$ steps suffice to count ones. Parity can be computed with complexity $O(\log(n))$,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-07-03 Holger Petersen

We investigate the shuffle operation on regular languages represented by complete deterministic finite automata. We prove that $f(m,n)=2^{mn-1} + 2^{(m-1)(n-1)}(2^{m-1}-1)(2^{n-1}-1)$ is an upper bound on the state complexity of the shuffle…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-07-18 Janusz Brzozowski , Galina Jirásková , Bo Liu , Aayush Rajasekaran , Marek Szykuła

Stabilizer states admit compact classical descriptions, but many downstream tasks still require their full amplitude vectors. Since the output itself has size $2^n$, the main algorithmic question is whether one can materialize an $n$-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Hyunho Cha , Jungwoo Lee

Deterministic synchronous systems consisting of two finite automata running in opposite directions on a shared read-only input are studied with respect to their ability to perform reversible computations, which means that the automata are…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Martin Kutrib , Andreas Malcher

Given two weighted automata, we consider the problem of whether one is big-O of the other, i.e., if the weight of every finite word in the first is not greater than some constant multiple of the weight in the second. We show that the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Dmitry Chistikov , Stefan Kiefer , Andrzej S. Murawski , David Purser

Two languages are separable by a piecewise testable language if and only if there exists no infinite tower between them. An infinite tower is an infinite sequence of strings alternating between the two languages such that every string is a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-11-13 Štěpán Holub , Tomáš Masopust , Michaël Thomazo

Algorithms which learn environments represented by automata in the past have had complexity scaling with the number of states in the automaton, which can be exponentially large even for automata recognizing regular expressions with a small…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Ali Cataltepe , Vanessa Kosoy

We approach the problem of computing a $D_{3}$-synchronizing word of minimum length for a given nondeterministic automaton via its encoding as an instance of SAT and invoking a SAT solver. We also present some experimental results.

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-01-17 Hanan Shabana , Mikhail V. Volkov

The problem is considered of arranging symbols around a cycle, in such a way that distances between different instances of a same symbol be as uniformly distributed as possible. A sequence of moments is defined for cycles, similarly to the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Luca Ghezzi , Roberto Baldacci

In general, the representation of combinatorial objects is decisive for the feasibility of several enumerative tasks. In this work, we show how a (unique) string representation for (complete) initially-connected deterministic automata…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2009-06-23 Marco Almeida , Nelma Moreira , Rogério Reis

We consider the problem of finding an optimal statistical model for a given binary string. Following Kolmogorov, we use structure functions. In order to get concrete results, we replace Turing machines by finite automata and Kolmogorov…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-05 Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen