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The problem of simulating the thermal behavior of quantum systems remains a central open challenge in quantum computing. Unlike well-established quantum algorithms for unitary dynamics, \emph{provably efficient} algorithms for preparing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-14 Dominik Hahn , Ryan Sweke , Abhinav Deshpande , Oles Shtanko

Preparing the thermal density matrix $\rho_{\beta} \propto e^{-\beta H}$ corresponding to a given Hamiltonian $H$ is a task of central interest across quantum many-body physics, and is particularly salient when attempting to study it with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Dominik Hahn , S. A. Parameswaran , Benedikt Placke

We discuss a method based on sampling minimally entangled typical thermal states (METTS) that can simulate finite temperature quantum systems with a computational cost comparable to ground state DMRG. Detailed implementations of each step…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2010-06-01 E. M. Stoudenmire , Steven R. White

Preparing ground states and thermal states is essential for simulating quantum systems on quantum computers. Despite the hope for practical quantum advantage in quantum simulation, popular state preparation approaches have been challenged.…

Many simulation tasks require that one first prepare a system's Gibbs state. We present a family of quantum circuits for variational preparation of thermal Gibbs states on a quantum computer; we call them the thermal multi-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-01 Troy J. Sewell , Christopher David White , Brian Swingle

We present a general protocol for estimating $M$ observables from only $\mathcal{O}(\log (M)/\varepsilon^2)$ copies of a Gibbs state whose Hamiltonian is accessible. The protocol uses single-copy, nonadaptive measurements and uses a total…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Chi-Fang Chen , András Gilyén

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis implies that for a thermodynamically large system in one of its eigenstates, the reduced density matrix describing any finite subsystem is determined solely by a set of {\it relevant} conserved…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-01-04 Sourav Nandy , Arnab Sen , Arnab Das , Abhishek Dhar

Estimating thermal expectation values of observables is a fundamental task in quantum physics, quantum chemistry, and materials science. While recent quantum algorithms have enabled efficient quantum preparation of thermal states,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-16 Jiaqing Jiang , Jiaqi Leng , Lin Lin

A quantum system coupled to a bath at some fixed, finite temperature converges to its Gibbs state. This thermalization process defines a natural, physically-motivated model of quantum computation. However, whether quantum computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-15 Thiago Bergamaschi , Chi-Fang Chen , Yunchao Liu

Calculating the properties of Gibbs states is an important task in Quantum Chemistry and Quantum Machine Learning. Previous work has proposed a quantum algorithm which predicts Gibbs state expectation values for $M$ observables from only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-10 Arnav Sharma , Kevin Obenland

The preparation of Gibbs thermal states is an important task in quantum computation with applications in quantum simulation, quantum optimization, and quantum machine learning. However, many algorithms for preparing Gibbs states rely on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-25 Ada Warren , Linghua Zhu , Nicholas J. Mayhall , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou

We introduce a tensor network method for approximating thermal equilibrium states of quantum many-body systems at low temperatures. Whereas the usual approach starts from infinite temperature and evolves the state in imaginary time (toward…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Denise Cocchiarella , Mari Carmen Bañuls

We introduce a class of states, called minimally entangled typical thermal states (METTS), designed to resemble a typical state of a quantum system at finite temperature with a bias towards classical (minimally entangled) properties. These…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2013-05-29 Steven R. White

We propose an algorithm which combines the beneficial aspects of two different methods for studying finite-temperature quantum systems with tensor networks. One approach is the ancilla method, which gives high-precision results but scales…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2020-05-20 Jing Chen , E. Miles Stoudenmire

Preparation of quantum thermal states of many-body systems is a key computational challenge for quantum processors, with applications in physics, chemistry, and classical optimization. We provide a simple and efficient algorithm for thermal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Jerome Lloyd , Dmitry A. Abanin

Quantum Annealing (QA) was originally intended for accelerating the solution of combinatorial optimization tasks that have natural encodings as Ising models. However, recent experiments on QA hardware platforms have demonstrated that, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-17 Jon Nelson , Marc Vuffray , Andrey Y. Lokhov , Tameem Albash , Carleton Coffrin

Preparing thermal equilibrium states is an essential task for finite-temperature quantum simulations. In statistical mechanics, microstates in thermal equilibrium can be obtained from statistical ensembles. To date, numerous ensembles have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-23 Yasushi Yoneta

The preparation and computation of many properties of quantum Gibbs states is essential for algorithms such as quantum semidefinite programming and quantum Boltzmann machines. We propose a quantum algorithm that can predict $M$ linear…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-27 Luuk Coopmans , Yuta Kikuchi , Marcello Benedetti

Preparation of Gibbs distributions is an important task for quantum computation. It is a necessary first step in some types of quantum simulations and further is essential for quantum algorithms such as quantum Boltzmann training. Despite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-04 Anirban N. Chowdhury , Guang Hao Low , Nathan Wiebe

Understanding the limiting capabilities of classical methods in simulating complex quantum systems is of paramount importance for quantum technologies. Although many advanced approaches have been proposed and recently used to challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-05 I. A. Luchnikov , A. V. Berezutskii , A. K. Fedorov
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