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Rare-earth ions are characterised by transitions with very narrow linewidths even in solid state crystals. Exceedingly long coherence times have been shown on both spin and optical transitions of rare-earth-ion doped crystals. A key factor,…

Rare-earth ion ensembles doped in single crystals are a promising materials system with widespread applications in optical signal processing, lasing, and quantum information processing. Incorporating rare-earth ions into integrated photonic…

Conversion between signals in the microwave and optical domains is of great interest both for classical telecommunication, as well as for connecting future superconducting quantum computers into a global quantum network. For quantum…

We describe a method for creating small quantum processors in a crystal stoichiometric in an optically active rare earth ion. The crystal is doped with another rare earth, creating an ensemble of identical clusters of surrounding ions,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-15 R. L. Ahlefeldt , M. J. Pearce , M. R. Hush , M. J. Sellars

The quantum transduction, or equivalently quantum frequency conversion, is vital for the realization of, e.g., quantum networks, distributed quantum computing, and quantum repeaters. The microwave-to-optical quantum transduction is of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Akihiko Sekine , Ryo Murakami , Yoshiyasu Doi

Trapped atomic ions are ideal single photon emitters with long lived internal states which can be entangled with emitted photons. Coupling the ion to an optical cavity enables efficient emission of single photons into a single spatial mode…

Scaling up superconducting quantum processors remains a central challenge for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation. Although distributed architectures based on optical photons offer a promising route to scalability, they require an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Kyosuke Goto , Hodaka Kurokawa , Hideo Kosaka , Kazuki Koshino

On-chip optical filters are fundamental components in optical signal processing. While rare-earth ion-doped crystals offer ultra-narrow optical filtering via spectral hole burning, their applications have primarily been limited to those…

We demonstrate an efficient and continuous microwave photon to electron converter with large quantum efficiency ($83\%$) and low dark current. These unique properties are enabled by the use of a high kinetic inductance disordered…

Microwave-to-optical transduction of single photons will play an essential role in interconnecting future superconducting quantum devices, with applications in distributed quantum computing and secure communications. Various transducers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Tian Xie , Rikuto Fukumori , Jiahui Li , Andrei Faraon

We propose a new method for converting single microwave photons to single optical sideband photons based on spinful impurities in magnetic materials. This hybrid system is advantageous over previous proposals because (i) the implementation…

The possibility of using mixed crystals highly doped with rare earth ions (REIs) as physical systems for creating fast quantum computers with a sampling time of nanoseconds is discussed. The electronic 4f states of rare earth ions with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-21 Vladimir Hizhnyakov , Vadim Boltrushko , Helle Kaasik , Yurii Orlovskii

Quantum transduction between microwave and optical photons plays a key role in quantum communication among remote qubits. Although the quantum transduction schemes generating communication photons have been successfully demonstrated by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-18 Byunggi Kim , Hodaka Kurokawa , Katsuta Sakai , Kazuki Koshino , Hideo Kosaka , Masahiro Nomura

We present an experimental demonstration of converting a microwave field to an optical field via frequency mixing in a cloud of cold $^{87}$Rb atoms, where the microwave field strongly couples to an electric dipole transition between…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2018-03-05 Jingshan Han , Thibault Vogt , Christian Gross , Dieter Jaksch , Martin Kiffner , Wenhui Li

In this paper initial experiments towards constructing simple quantum gates in a solid state material are presented. Instead of using specially tailored materials, the aim is to select a subset of randomly distributed ions in the material,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 M. Nilsson , L. Levin , N. Ohlsson , T. Christiansson , S. Kroll

We propose a device for the reversible and quiet conversion of microwave photons to optical sideband photons, that can reach 100% quantum effciency. The device is based on an erbium doped crystal placed in both an optical and microwave…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-10 Lewis A. Williamson , Yu-Hui Chen , Jevon J. Longdell

Low-loss fiber optic links have the potential to connect superconducting quantum processors together over long distances to form large scale quantum networks. A key component of these future networks is a quantum transducer that coherently…

We present an architecture for remotely connecting cavity-coupled trapped ions via a quantum repeater based on rare-earth-doped crystals. The main challenge for its realization lies in interfacing these two physical platforms, which produce…

Efficient transduction devices that reversibly convert optical and microwave quantum signals into each other are essential for integrating different technologies. Rare-earth ions in solids, and in particular Erbium ions, with both optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-05 Faezeh Kimiaee Asadi , Jia-Wei Ji , Christoph Simon

Frequency conversion between microwave and optical photons is a key enabling technology to create links between superconducting quantum processors and to realize distributed quantum networks. We propose a microwave-optical transduction…