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D.J. Evans, et al., [Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 2401 (1993)] discovered a relation, subsequently known as the Fluctuation Theorem (FT), which quantifies the probability of observing fluctuations violating the second law of thermodynamics in…
The fluctuation theorem for entropy production is a remarkable symmetry of the distribution of produced entropy that holds universally in non-equilibrium steady states with Markovian dynamics. However, in systems with slow degrees of…
A stopping time $T$ is the first time when a trajectory of a stochastic process satisfies a specific criterion. In this paper, we use martingale theory to derive the integral fluctuation relation $\langle e^{-S_{\rm tot}(T)}\rangle=1$ for…
The validity of the fluctuation theorem for entropy production as deduced from the observation of trajectories implicitly requires that all slow degrees of freedom are accessible. We experimentally investigate the role of hidden slow…
We consider stochastic rotational dynamics of a macrospin at a constant temperature, in presence of an external magnetic field. Starting from the appropriate Langevin equation which contains multiplicative noise, we calculate entropy…
In this work, we study the stochastic dynamics of micro-magnetics interacting with a spin-current torque. We extend the previously constructed stochastic Landau-Lifshitz equation to the case with spin-current torque, and verify the…
The observed magnetic field on the solar surface is characterized by a very complex spatial and temporal behavior. Although feature-tracking algorithms have allowed us to deepen our understanding of this behavior, subjectivity plays an…
We demonstrate that the Gibbs-Shannon entropy is applicable to non-equilibrium systems of any size and boundary conditions. The change in microscopic entropy can be attributed to the stochastic nature of dynamic processes and to the…
The probability distribution of the total entropy production in the non-equilibrium steady state follows a symmetry relation called the fluctuation theorem. When a certain part of the system is masked or hidden, it is difficult to infer the…
Small systems in contact with a heat bath evolve by stochastic dynamics. Here we show that, when one such small system is weakly coupled to another one, it is possible to infer the presence of such weak coupling by observing the violation…
The second law of thermodynamics posits that in closed macroscopic systems the rate of entropy production must be positive. However, small systems can exhibit negative entropy production over short timescales, seemingly in contradiction…
Entropy production and the detailed fluctuation theorem are of fundamental importance for thermodynamic processes. In this paper, we study the multiple entropy production for multitime quantum processes in a unified framework. For closed…
We investigate the total stochastic entropy production of a two-level bosonic open quantum system under protocols of time dependent coupling to a harmonic environment. These processes are intended to represent the measurement of a system…
We consider the basic, thermodynamic properties of an elementary micro-machine operating at colloidal length scales. In particular, we track and analyse the driven stochastic motion of a carefully designed micro-propeller rotating unevenly…
We generalize stochastic thermodynamics to include information reservoirs. Such information reservoirs, which can be modeled as a sequence of bits, modify the second law. For example, work extraction from a system in contact with a single…
Fluctuation theorems are key to understanding both fundamental and applied aspects of non-equilibrium thermodynamics of small systems. We study the non-Markovian entropy production fluctuation theorem for the diffusion process of charged…
Recently, the fundamental laws of thermodynamics have been reconsidered for small systems. The discovery of the fluctuation relations has spurred theoretical and experimental studies on thermodynamics of systems with few degrees of freedom.…
Entropy production in stochastic mechanical systems is examined here with strict bounds on its rate. Stochastic mechanical systems include pure diffusions in Euclidean space or on Lie groups, as well as systems evolving on phase space for…
Employing the stochastic wave function method, we study quantum features of stochastic entropy production in nonequilibrium processes of open systems. It is demonstarted that continuous measurements on the environment introduce an…
Fluctuating entropy production is studied for a set of linearly coupled complex fields. The general result is applied to non-equilibrium fluctuating hydrodynamic equations for coarse-grained fields (density, temperature and velocity), in…