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In this work we develop new methods for the characterisation of continuous variable quantum states using heterodyne measurement in both the trusted and untrusted settings. First, building on quantum state tomography with heterodyne…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-09 Ulysse Chabaud , Tom Douce , Frédéric Grosshans , Elham Kashefi , Damian Markham

The continuous-variable controlled-Z gate is a canonical two-mode gate for universal continuous-variable quantum computation. It is considered as one of the most fundamental continuous-variable quantum gates. Here we present a scheme for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-27 Ming-Feng Wang , Nian-Quan Jiang , Qing-Li Jin , Yi-Zhuang Zheng

Quantum gates in experiment are inherently prone to errors that need to be characterized before they can be corrected. Full characterization via quantum process tomography is impractical and often unnecessary. For most practical purposes,…

Continuous Variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising candidate for practical implementations due to its compatibility with the existing communication technology. A trusted device scenario assuming that an adversary has no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-30 Shinichiro Yamano , Takaya Matsuura , Yui Kuramochi , Toshihiko Sasaki , Masato Koashi

A proper quantum memory is argued to consist in a quantum channel which cannot be simulated with a measurement followed by classical information storage and a final state preparation, i.e. an entanglement breaking (EB) channel. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-17 Paolo Abiuso

Continuous-variable (CV) systems have shown remarkable potential for quantum computation, particularly excelling in scalability and error correction through bosonic encoding. Within this framework, the foundational notion of computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Sheron Blair , Francesco Arzani , Giulia Ferrini , Alessandro Ferraro

We present a rigorous security analysis of Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device Independent Quantum Key Distribution (CV MDI QKD) in a finite size scenario. The security proof is obtained in two steps: by first assessing the security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-12 Cosmo Lupo , Carlo Ottaviani , Panagiotis Papanastasiou , Stefano Pirandola

Most near-term quantum information processing devices will not be capable of implementing quantum error correction and the associated logical quantum gate set. Instead, quantum circuits will be implemented directly using the physical native…

Continuous variables (CV) offer a promising platform for the development of various applications, such as quantum communication, computing, and sensing, and CV graph states represent a family of powerful entangled resource states for all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-11 Éloi Descamps , Damian Markham

A fully general approach to the security analysis of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is presented. Provided that the quantum channel is estimated via the covariance matrix of the quadratures, Gaussian attacks are shown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Raul Garcia-Patron , Nicolas J. Cerf

Continuous-variable (CV) cluster states are a universal quantum computing platform that has experimentally out-scaled qubit platforms by orders of magnitude. Room-temperature implementation of CV cluster states has been achieved with…

Digital signatures ensure the integrity of a classical message and the authenticity of its sender. Despite their far-reaching use in modern communication, currently used signature schemes rely on computational assumptions and will be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-26 Matthew Thornton , Hannah Scott , Callum Croal , Natalia Korolkova

Continuous-variable (CV) measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum key distribution (QKD) is immune to imperfect detection devices, which can eliminate all kinds of attacks on practical detectors. Here we first propose a CV-MDI QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-13 Dongyun Bai , Peng Huang , Yiqun Zhu , Hongxin Ma , Tailong Xiao , Tao Wang , Guihua Zeng

For a given ensemble of input and target states, the classical fidelity threshold (CFT) is the maximum valve of the averaged fidelity, and it can be achieved with a measure-and-prepare operation. This quantity can be employed to verify…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-17 Long Huang , Xiaohua Wu , Tao Zhou

As quantum devices progress towards a quantum advantage regime, they become harder to benchmark. A particularly relevant challenge is to assess the quality of the whole computation, beyond testing the performance of each single operation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Flavio Baccari , Pavel Kos , Georgios Styliaris

Gate fidelity -- an average fidelity over all possible input states -- is the workhorse metric for benchmarking quantum gates or circuits, yet fault-tolerant quantum computing ultimately depends on the worst-case behavior, typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Kyoungho Cho , Ilkwon Sohn , Yongsoo Hwang , Jeongho Bang

We study exact constant collapse in variational autoencoders: the deterministic encoder mean becomes independent of the input. The prior remains the standard Gaussian. Before VAE training, we select a fixed teacher posterior from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zegu Zhang , Jianhua Peng , Jian Zhang

The rapid advancement of quantum hardware necessitates the development of reliable methods to certify its correct functioning. However, existing certification tests fall short, as they either suffer from systematic errors or do not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Jan Nöller , Nikolai Miklin , Martin Kliesch , Mariami Gachechiladze

Quantum non-Gaussian states and operations serve as fundamental resources for universal quantum computation, error correction, and high-precision metrology, extending beyond the Gaussian limits. While the stellar rank provides a rigorous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Jan Provazník , Šimon Bräuer , Vojtěch Kala , Jaromír Fiurášek , Petr Marek

Quantum communications using continuous variables are quite mature experimental techniques and the relevant theories have been extensively investigated with various methods. In this paper, we study the continuous variable quantum channels…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Tao Qin , Meisheng Zhao , Yongde Zhang