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The main objects of the paper are $z$-oriented triangulations of connected closed $2$-dimensional surfaces. A $z$-orientation of a map is a minimal collection of zigzags which double covers the set of edges. We have two possibilities for an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-02-07 Adam Tyc

We study the notion of duality in the context of graded manifolds. For graded bundles, somehow like in the case of Gelfand representation and the duality: points vs. functions, we obtain natural dual objects which belongs to a different…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2017-08-30 Janusz Grabowski , Michał Jóźwikowski , Mikołaj Rotkiewicz

Roughly speaking, $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$-manifolds are `manifolds' equipped with $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$-graded commutative coordinates with the sign rule being determined by the scalar product of their $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$-degrees. We examine the notion of…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-09-01 Andrew James Bruce , Janusz Grabowski

A theory of graded manifolds can be viewed as a generalization of differential geometry of smooth manifolds. It allows one to work with functions which locally depend not only on ordinary real variables, but also on $\mathbb{Z}$-graded…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2023-03-14 Jan Vysoky

The number of apparent double points of an irreducible projective variety $X$ of dimension $n$ in $\mathbb{P}^{2n+1}$ is the number of secant lines to $X$ passing through a general point of $\mathbb{P}^{2n+1}$. This classical notion dates…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2015-10-08 Vitalino Cesca Filho

We give a Python program that is capable to compute and print all the distinct trivalent 2-stratifold graphs up to $N$ white vertices with trivial fundamental group. Our algorithm uses the three basic operations to construct new graphs from…

General Topology · Mathematics 2020-11-30 Myriam Hernández-Ketchul , Jesús Rodríguez-Viorato

Generic bifurcation theory was classically well developed for smooth differential systems, establishing results for $k$-parameter families of planar vector fields. In the present study we focus on a qualitative analysis of $2$-parameter…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2018-09-11 Douglas Duarte Novaes , Marco Antonio Teixeira , Iris de Oliveira Zeli

Just as links may be algebraically described as certain morphisms in the category of tangles, compact surfaces smoothly embedded in R^4 may be described as certain 2-morphisms in the 2-category of `2-tangles in 4 dimensions'. In this…

q-alg · Mathematics 2008-02-03 John C. Baez , Laurel Langford

The relation between discrete topological field theories on triangulations of two-dimensional manifolds and associative algebras was worked out recently. The starting point for this development was the graphical interpretation of the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-28 Claus Nowak

Just as knots and links can be algebraically described as certain morphisms in the category of tangles in 3 dimensions, compact surfaces smoothly embedded in R^4 can be described as certain 2-morphisms in the 2-category of `2-tangles in 4…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2007-05-23 John C. Baez , Laurel Langford

Tree-graded spaces are a generalization of $\mathbb{R}$-trees and play an important role in describing the large-scale geometry of relatively hyperbolic groups. We consider a subclass of tree-graded spaces that we call "disjointly…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Jeremy Brazas , Curtis Kent

We show that for a stratum of projectivized abelian differentials with sufficiently many simple zeroes, the inclusion into the appropriate moduli space of pointed curves induces an injection at the level of orbifold fundamental group,…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2025-10-01 Nick Salter

A graph in which every connected induced subgraph has a disconnected complement is called a cograph. Such graphs are precisely the graphs that do not have the 4-vertex path as an induced subgraph. We define a $2$-cograph to be a graph in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-11 James Oxley , Jagdeep Singh

A classification theorem is given of smooth threefolds of $\Bbb P^5$ covered by a family of dimension at least three of plane integral curves of degree $d\geq 2.$ It is shown that for such a threefold $X$ there are two possibilities:…

alg-geom · Mathematics 2008-02-03 Emilia Mezzetti , Dario Portelli

Informally, ${\mathbb Z}_2^n$-manifolds are 'manifolds' with ${\mathbb Z}_2^n$-graded coordinates and a sign rule determined by the standard scalar product of their ${\mathbb Z}_2^n$-degrees. Such manifolds can be understood in a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-01-09 Andrew James Bruce , Eduardo Ibarguengoytia , Norbert Poncin

An embedded graph is called $z$-knotted if it contains the unique zigzag (up to reversing). We consider $z$-knotted triangulations, i.e. $z$-knotted embedded graphs whose faces are triangles, and describe all cases when the connected sum of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-08-15 Mark Pankov , Adam Tyc

This paper considers *-graphs in which all vertices have degree 4 or 6, and studies the question of calculating the genus of orientable 2-surfaces into which such graphs may be embedded. A *-graph is a graph endowed with a formal adjacency…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-12-27 Tyler Friesen , Vassily Manturov

The spaces of triangulations of a given manifold have been widely studied. The celebrated theorem of Pachner~\cite{Pachner} says that any two triangulations of a given manifold can be connected by a sequence of bistellar moves, or Pachner…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2020-12-22 D. A. Fedoseev , I. M. Nikonov , V. O. Manturov

In Physics and in Mathematics $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$-gradings, $n>1$, appear in various fields. The corresponding sign rule is determined by the `scalar product' of the involved $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$-degrees. The $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$-Supergeometry…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2016-09-21 Tiffany Covolo , Janusz Grabowski , Norbert Poncin

We consider a connected graph $\Gamma$ as a coarse space and prove that $\Gamma$ admits a 2-selector if and only if $\Gamma$ is either bounded or coarsely equivalent to $\mathbb{N}$ or $\mathbb{Z}$. We apply this result to geodesic metric…

General Topology · Mathematics 2021-09-08 Igor Protasov