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A major challenge in practical quantum computation is the ineludible errors caused by the interaction of quantum systems with their environment. Fault-tolerant schemes, in which logical qubits are encoded by several physical qubits, enable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-17 Kai Sun , Jin-Shi Xu , Xiao-Ye Xu , Yong-Jian Han , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

A crucial insight for practical quantum error correction is that different types of errors, such as single-qubit Pauli operators, typically occur with different probabilities. Finding an optimal quantum code under such biased noise is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-05 Junyu Fan , Matthew Steinberg , Alexander Jahn , Chunjun Cao , Sebastian Feld

We prove a new version of the quantum threshold theorem that applies to concatenation of a quantum code that corrects only one error, and we use this theorem to derive a rigorous lower bound on the quantum accuracy threshold epsilon_0. Our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Panos Aliferis , Daniel Gottesman , John Preskill

Surface codes are promising for practical quantum error correction due to their high threshold and experimental feasibility. However, their performance under realistic noise conditions, particularly those involving correlated errors,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-19 SiYing Wang , Yue Yan , ZhiXin Xia , Xiang-Bin Wang

Color codes are a leading class of topological quantum error-correcting codes with modest error thresholds and structural compatibility with two-dimensional architectures, which make them well-suited for fault-tolerant quantum computing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Nitish Kumar Chandra , David Tipper , Reza Nejabati , Eneet Kaur , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan

The behavior of real quantum hardware differs strongly from the simple error models typically used when simulating quantum error correction. Error processes are far more complex than simple depolarizing noise applied to single gates, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-06 Ian Hesner , Bence Hetényi , James R. Wootton

With the intense interest in small, noisy quantum computing devices comes the push for larger, more accurate -- and hence more useful -- quantum computers. While fully fault-tolerant quantum computers are, in principle, capable of achieving…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-22 Akshaya Jayashankar , My Duy Hoang Long , Hui Khoon Ng , Prabha Mandayam

Connecting two surface-code patches may require significantly higher noise at the interface. We show, via circuit-level simulations under a depolarizing noise model with idle errors, that surface codes remain fault tolerant despite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-10 Mohamed A. Shalby , Renyu Wang , Denis Sedov , Leonid P. Pryadko

The error threshold for fault tolerant quantum computation with concatenated encoding of qubits is penalized by internal communication overhead. Many quantum computation proposals rely on nearest-neighbour communication, which requires…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 T. Szkopek , P. O. Boykin , H. Fan , V. Roychowdhury , E. Yablonovitch , G. Simms , M. Gyure , B. Fong

The minimum weight perfect matching (MWPM) decoder is the standard decoding strategy for quantum surface codes. However, it suffers a harsh decrease in performance when subjected to biased or non-identical quantum noise. In this work, we…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is often implemented on hardware that experiences biased noise, where dephasing errors occur more frequently than other errors. This has motivated many recent efforts to develop bias-tailored QEC codes, such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Arianna Meinking , Julie Campos , Kenneth R. Brown

We use a combination of analytical and numerical techniques to calculate the noise threshold and resource requirements for a linear optical quantum computing scheme based on parity-state encoding. Parity-state encoding is used at the lowest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 A. J. F. Hayes , H. L. Haselgrove , Alexei Gilchrist , T. C. Ralph

Color codes present distinct advantages for fault-tolerant quantum computing, such as high encoding rates and the transversal implementation of Clifford gates. However, existing matching-based decoders for the color codes such as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Yantong Liu , Junjie Wu , Lingling Lao

We investigate the amount of noise required to turn a universal quantum gate set into one that can be efficiently modelled classically. This question is useful for providing upper bounds on fault tolerant thresholds, and for understanding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. Virmani , Susana F. Huelga , Martin B. Plenio

Scalable realisation of quantum computing is reliant on the development of fault tolerant devices. Analysis of quantum error correction protocols typically considers incoherent noise models or noise-free syndrome measurements. While this is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Ben Harper , Azar C. Nakhl , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

An arbitrarily reliable quantum computer can be efficiently constructed from noisy components using a recursive simulation procedure, provided that those components fail with probability less than the fault-tolerance threshold. Recent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-03 K. M. Svore , A. W. Cross , I. L. Chuang , A. V. Aho

I discuss how to perform fault-tolerant quantum computation with concatenated codes using local gates in small numbers of dimensions. I show that a threshold result still exists in three, two, or one dimensions when next-to-nearest-neighbor…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Daniel Gottesman

Fault-tolerant capacities quantify the ability of a quantum channel to reliably transmit information when every component of the encoding and decoding procedure is noisy. Earlier work analyzed achievable communication rates under such noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Paula Belzig , Hayata Yamasaki

The development of practical, high-performance decoding algorithms reduces the resource cost of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here we propose a decoder for the surface code that finds low-weight correction operators for errors produced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-19 Asmae Benhemou , Kaavya Sahay , Lingling Lao , Benjamin J. Brown

The quantum error threshold is the highest (model-dependent) noise rate which we can tolerate and still quantum-compute to arbitrary accuracy. Although noise thresholds are frequently estimated for the Steane seven-qubit, distance-three…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ben W. Reichardt