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This paper investigates the semantic robustness of attention-based classifiers for design pattern detection, particularly focusing on their reliance on structural and behavioral semantics. We reproduce the DPDAtt, an attention-based design…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Manthan Shenoy , Andreas Rausch

Model-based language specification has applications in the implementation of language processors, the design of domain-specific languages, model-driven software development, data integration, text mining, natural language processing, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2011-10-10 Luis Quesada , Fernando Berzal , Francisco J. Cortijo

Statically typed languages offer numerous benefits to developers, such as improved code quality and reduced runtime errors, but they also require the overhead of manual type annotations. To mitigate this burden, language designers have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Samuel W. Flint , Ali M. Keshk , Robert Dyer , Hamid Bagheri

Labelling user data is a central part of the design and evaluation of pervasive systems that aim to support the user through situation-aware reasoning. It is essential both in designing and training the system to recognise and reason about…

In this paper, we explore the task of mapping spoken language utterances to one of thousands of natural language understanding domains in intelligent personal digital assistants (IPDAs). This scenario is observed for many mainstream IPDAs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Young-Bum Kim , Dongchan Kim , Anjishnu Kumar , Ruhi Sarikaya

Machine learning techniques applied to the Natural Language Processing (NLP) component of conversational agent development show promising results for improved accuracy and quality of feedback that a conversational agent can provide. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Debajyoti Datta , Maria Phillips , Jennifer Chiu , Ginger S. Watson , James P. Bywater , Laura Barnes , Donald Brown

Many real-world applications require automated data annotation, such as identifying tissue origins based on gene expressions and classifying images into semantic categories. Annotation classes are often numerous and subject to changes over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-03 Maxim Grechkin , Hoifung Poon , Bill Howe

Deep learning models for natural language processing rely heavily on high-quality labeled datasets. However, existing labeling approaches often struggle to balance label quality with labeling cost. To address this challenge, we propose…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Guozheng Li , Ao Wang , Shaoxiang Wang , Yu Zhang , Pengcheng Cao , Yang Bai , Chi Harold Liu

Based on the concept of annotation-based agents, this report introduces tools and a formal notation for defining and running text mining experiments using a statically typed domain-specific language embedded in Scala. Using machine learning…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2011-08-02 Fabian Steeg

While hardware generators have drastically improved design productivity, they have introduced new challenges for the task of verification. To effectively cover the functionality of a sophisticated generator, verification engineers require…

Auto-annotation by ensemble of models is an efficient method of learning on unlabeled data. Wrong or inaccurate annotations generated by the ensemble may lead to performance degradation of the trained model. To deal with this problem we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Dror Simon , Miriam Farber , Roman Goldenberg

JSON Schema is a logical language used to define the structure of JSON values. JSON Schema syntax is based on nested schema objects. In all versions of JSON Schema until Draft-07, collectively known as Classical JSON Schema, the semantics…

Current approaches to the annotation process focus on annotation schemas, languages for annotation, or are very application driven. In this paper it is proposed that a more flexible architecture for annotation requires a knowledge component…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Afzal Ballim , Nastaran Fatemi , Hatem Ghorbel , Vincenzo Pallotta

Annotations are central to effective data communication, yet most visualization tools treat them as secondary constructs -- manually defined, difficult to reuse, and loosely coupled to the underlying visualization grammar. We propose a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Md Dilshadur Rahman , Md Rahat-uz- Zaman , Andrew McNutt , Paul Rosen

Despite growing interest in incorporating feedback to improve language models, most efforts focus only on sequence-level annotations. In this work, we explore the potential of utilizing fine-grained span-level annotations from offline…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Lily H. Zhang , Hamid Dadkhahi , Mara Finkelstein , Firas Trabelsi , Jiaming Luo , Markus Freitag

Although the annotation paradigm based on Large Language Models (LLMs) has made significant breakthroughs in recent years, its actual deployment still has two core bottlenecks: first, the cost of calling commercial APIs in large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yao Lu , Zhaiyuan Ji , Jiawei Du , Yu Shanqing , Qi Xuan , Tianyi Zhou

Formal software specification is known to enable early error detection and explicit invariants, yet it has seen limited industrial adoption due to its high notation overhead and the expertise required to use traditional formal languages.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Antonio Abu Nassar , Eitan Farchi

An annotation consists of a portion of information that is associated with a piece of content in order to explain something about the content or to add more information. The use of annotations as a tool in the educational field has positive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Joaquín Gayoso-Cabada , Antonio Sarasa-Cabezuelo , José-Luis Sierra

This study illustrates how incorporating feedback-oriented annotations into the scoring pipeline can enhance the accuracy of automated essay scoring (AES). This approach is demonstrated with the Persuasive Essays for Rating, Selecting, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Christopher Ormerod

Large amounts of annotated data have become more important than ever, especially since the rise of deep learning techniques. However, manual annotations are costly. We propose a tool that enables researchers to create large, high-quality,…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Franziska Weeber , Felix Hamborg , Karsten Donnay , Bela Gipp