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Bipartite graphs are ubiquitous in many domains, e.g., e-commerce platforms, social networks, and academia, by modeling interactions between distinct entity sets. Within these graphs, the butterfly motif, a complete 2*2 biclique, represents…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Qiuyang Mang , Jingbang Chen , Hangrui Zhou , Yu Gao , Yingli Zhou , Qingyu Shi , Richard Peng , Yixiang Fang , Chenhao Ma

Bipartite graphs offer a powerful framework for modeling complex relationships between two distinct types of vertices, incorporating probabilistic, temporal, and rating-based information. While the research community has extensively…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Apurba Das , Aman Abidi , Ajinkya Shingane , Mekala Kiran

We consider the problem of counting motifs in bipartite affiliation networks, such as author-paper, user-product, and actor-movie relations. We focus on counting the number of occurrences of a "butterfly", a complete $2 \times 2$ biclique,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-03-19 Seyed-Vahid Sanei-Mehri , Ahmet Erdem Sariyuce , Srikanta Tirthapura

Bipartite graphs characterize relationships between two different sets of entities, like actor-movie, user-item, and author-paper. The butterfly, a 4-vertices 4-edges (2,2)-biclique, is the simplest cohesive motif in a bipartite graph and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xinwei Cai , Xiangyu Ke , Kai Wang , Lu Chen , Tianming Zhang , Qing Liu , Yunjun Gao

Temporal bipartite graphs are widely used to denote time-evolving relationships between two disjoint sets of nodes, such as customer-product interactions in E-commerce and user-group memberships in social networks. Temporal butterflies,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Jiaxi Pu , Yanhao Wang , Yuchen Li , Xuan Zhou

Butterflies are the smallest non-trivial subgraph in bipartite graphs, and therefore having efficient computations for analyzing them is crucial to improving the quality of certain applications on bipartite graphs. In this paper, we design…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Jessica Shi , Julian Shun

We consider space-efficient single-pass estimation of the number of butterflies, a fundamental bipartite graph motif, from a massive bipartite graph stream where each edge represents a connection between entities in two different…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Seyed-Vahid Sanei-Mehri , Yu Zhang , Ahmet Erdem Sariyuce , Srikanta Tirthapura

We study the fundamental problem of butterfly (i.e. (2,2)-bicliques) counting in bipartite streaming graphs. Similar to triangles in unipartite graphs, enumerating butterflies is crucial in understanding the structure of bipartite graphs.…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Aida Sheshbolouki , M. Tamer Özsu

Bipartite graphs are commonly used to model relationships between two distinct entities in real-world applications, such as user-product interactions, user-movie ratings and collaborations between authors and publications. A butterfly (a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Lingkai Meng , Long Yuan , Xuemin Lin , Chengjie Li , Kai Wang , Wenjie Zhang

Bipartite graphs serve as a natural model for representing relationships between two different types of entities. When analyzing bipartite graphs, butterfly counting is a fundamental research problem that aims to count the number of…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Chi Luo , Jiaxin Song , Yuhao Zhang , Kai Wang , Zhixing He , Kuan Yang

Balanced butterfly counting, corresponding to counting balanced (2, 2)-bicliques, is a fundamental primitive in the analysis of signed bipartite graphs and provides a basis for studying higher-order structural properties such as clustering…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Mekala Kiran , Apurba Das , Suman Banerjee , Tathagata Ray

Butterflies, or 4-cycles in bipartite graphs, are crucial for identifying cohesive structures and dense subgraphs. While agent-based data mining is gaining prominence, its application to bipartite networks remains relatively unexplored. We…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Prabhat Kumar Chand , Apurba Das , Anisur Rahaman Molla

A bipartite graph extensively models relationships between real-world entities of two different types, such as user-product data in e-commerce. Such graph data are inherently becoming more and more streaming, entailing continuous insertions…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Serafeim Papadias , Zoi Kaoudi , Varun Pandey , Jorge-Arnulfo Quiane-Ruiz , Volker Markl

Cohesive subgraph mining in bipartite graphs becomes a popular research topic recently. An important structure k-bitruss is the maximal cohesive subgraph where each edge is contained in at least k butterflies (i.e., (2, 2)-bicliques). In…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-01-20 Kai Wang , Xuemin Lin , Lu Qin , Wenjie Zhang , Ying Zhang

Bipartite graphs are a prevalent modeling tool for real-world networks, capturing interactions between vertices of two different types. Within this framework, bicliques emerge as crucial structures when studying dense subgraphs: they are…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Alexis Baudin , Clémence Magnien , Lionel Tabourier

Community search aims at finding densely connected subgraphs for query vertices in a graph. While this task has been studied widely in the literature, most of the existing works only focus on finding homogeneous communities rather than…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Zheng Dong , Xin Huang , Guorui Yuan , Hengshu Zhu , Hui Xiong

Two disjoint sets of entities and their relationship can be modelled as a bipartite graph. Real-life examples include drug-target interaction in biological networks, user-item relationships in e-commerce networks, etc. Motif-based analysis…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Mekala Kiran , Apurba Das , Suman Banerjee , Tathagata Ray

A large portion of today's big data can be represented as networks. However, not all networks are the same, and in fact, for many that have additional complexities to their structure, traditional general network analysis methods are no…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-09-16 Tyler Derr , Cassidy Johnson , Yi Chang , Jiliang Tang

Many matrices associated with fast transforms posess a certain low-rank property characterized by the existence of several block partitionings of the matrix, where each block is of low rank. Provided that these partitionings are known,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-07-04 Léon Zheng , Gilles Puy , Elisa Riccietti , Patrick Pérez , Rémi Gribonval

Wing and Tip decomposition construct a hierarchy of butterfly-dense edge and vertex induced bipartite subgraphs, respectively. They have applications in several domains including e-commerce, recommendation systems and document analysis.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Kartik Lakhotia , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor Prasanna
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