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By monitoring the times of arrival of radio pulses from millisecond pulsars, Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) serve as unique gravitational wave (GW) laboratories in the nanohertz band. To date, the primary astrophysical sources of GWs targeted…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-24 Hippolyte Quelquejay Leclere

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are designed to detect nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs). Since GWs are anticipated from cosmic strings, PTAs offer a viable approach to testing their existence. We present the results of the first…

State-of-the-art searches for gravitational waves (GWs) in pulsar timing array (PTA) datasets model the signal as an isotropic, Gaussian and stationary process described by a power-law. In practice, none of these properties are expected to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-03-25 Serena Valtolina , Golam Shaifullah , Anuradha Samajdar , Alberto Sesana

Pulsar timing experiments aimed at the detection of gravitational radiation have been performed for decades now. With the forthcoming construction of large arrays capable of tracking multiple millisecond pulsars, it is very likely we will…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-27 Marcio Eduardo da Silva Alves , Massimo Tinto

Detection and study of gravitational waves from astrophysical sources is a major goal of current astrophysics. Ground-based laser-interferometer systems such as LIGO and VIRGO are sensitive to gravitational waves with frequencies of order…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 R. N. Manchester

Direct detection of low-frequency gravitational waves ($10^{-9} - 10^{-8}$ Hz) is the main goal of pulsar timing array (PTA) projects. One of the main targets for the PTAs is to measure the stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB)…

A pulsar timing array (PTA) refers to a program of regular, high-precision timing observations of a widely distributed array of millisecond pulsars. Here we review the status of the three primary PTA projects and the joint International…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-04-03 George Hobbs , Shi Dai

We consider the sensitivity of the pulsar timing array (PTA) technique to specific kind of narrow-band stochastic signals in nano-Hz frequency range. Specifically, we examine the narrow-band signal produced by oscillating gravitational…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-04 Konstantin A. Postnov , Nataliya K. Porayko

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are limited in localizing nanohertz continuous gravitational waves (CGWs) by uncertainties in pulsar distances. We introduce a method to infer pulsar distances in two dimensions, using phase information from the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-23 Si-Ren Xiao , Ji-Yu Song , Yue Shao , Ling-Feng Wang , Jing-Fei Zhang , Xin Zhang

The past decade has been a transformative period for pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) and their search for nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs). This progress has been driven by collective advances in instrumentation for pulsar timing…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-17 Kuo Liu , Siyuan Chen

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are placing increasingly stringent constraints on the strain amplitude of continuous gravitational waves emitted by supermassive black hole binaries on subparsec scales. In this paper, we incorporate independent…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-04-08 Katelin Schutz , Chung-Pei Ma

The recent evidence of nanohertz (nHz) gravitational wave (GW) background by pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations has sparked considerable interest in understanding its astrophysical origins, particularly regarding supermassive black…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-04-01 Jiming Yu , Zhen Pan

Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are expected to emit continuous gravitational waves in the pulsar timing array (PTA) frequency band ($10^{-9}$--$10^{-7}$ Hz). The development of data analysis techniques aimed at efficient…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-04 Justin Ellis , Xavier Siemens , Jolien Creighton

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are expected to detect gravitational waves (GWs) from individual low-redshift (z<1.5) compact supermassive (M>10^9 Msun) black hole (SMBH) binaries with orbital periods of approx. 0.1 - 10 yrs. Identifying the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-28 Takamitsu Tanaka , Kristen Menou , Zoltán Haiman

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are designed to detect the predicted gravitational wave (GW) background produced by a cosmological population of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries. In this contribution I review the physics of such GW…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 A. Sesana

Massive black holes are key ingredients of the assembly and evolution of cosmic structures. Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) currently provide the only means to observe gravitational radiation from massive black hole binary systems with masses…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2010-05-27 A. Sesana , A. Vecchio

Ongoing research on Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) to detect gravitational radiation is reviewed. Here, we discuss the use of millisecond pulsars as a gravitational wave detector, the sources of gravitational radiation detectable by PTAs and the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-03-23 Pravin Kumar Dahal

We present results of an all-sky search in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) Data Release 1 data set for continuous gravitational waves (GWs) in the frequency range from $5\times 10^{-9}$ to $2\times 10^{-7}$ Hz. Such signals could be…

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are Galactic-scale gravitational wave (GW) detectors consisting of precisely-timed pulsars distributed across the sky. Within the decade, PTAs are expected to detect the nanohertz GWs emitted by close-separation…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-03-15 Tingting Liu , Tyler Cohen , Casey McGrath , Paul Demorest , Sarah Vigeland

Blazar OJ 287 is a candidate nanoHertz (nHz) gravitational wave (GW) source. In this article, we investigate the GWs generated by OJ 287 and their potential detection through a pulsar timing array (PTA). First, we obtain the orbit and the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-09-26 Jie-Wen Chen , Yang Zhang