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We propose a new Gini correlation to measure dependence between a categorical and numerical variables. Analogous to Pearson $R^2$ in ANOVA model, the Gini correlation is interpreted as the ratio of the between-group variation and the total…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-07-10 Xin Dang , Dao Nguyen , Yixin Chen , Junying Zhang

In the present paper, we discuss the Pearson, Spearman, Kendall correlation coefficients and their statistical analogues. We propose a new correlation coefficient r and its statistical analogue. The coefficient r is based on Kendal's and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-05-28 Alexei Stepanov

We propose a coefficient that measures dependence in paired samples of functions. It has properties similar to the Pearson correlation, but differs in significant ways: (i) it is designed to measure dependence between curves, (ii) it…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-02 Mihyun Kim , Piotr Kokoszka

The quotient correlation is defined here as an alternative to Pearson's correlation that is more intuitive and flexible in cases where the tail behavior of data is important. It measures nonlinear dependence where the regular correlation…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-12-18 Zhengjun Zhang

Pearson's correlation coefficient is a popular statistical measure to summarize the strength of association between two continuous variables. It is usually interpreted via its square as percentage of variance of one variable predicted by…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-09 Romain Piaget-Rossel , Valentin Rousson

Is it possible to define a coefficient of correlation which is (a) as simple as the classical coefficients like Pearson's correlation or Spearman's correlation, and yet (b) consistently estimates some simple and interpretable measure of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-30 Sourav Chatterjee

We propose a coefficient of conditional dependence between two random variables $Y$ and $Z$ given a set of other variables $X_1,\ldots,X_p$, based on an i.i.d. sample. The coefficient has a long list of desirable properties, the most…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-30 Mona Azadkia , Sourav Chatterjee

Categorical variables are of uttermost importance in biomedical research. When two of them are considered, it is often the case that one wants to test whether or not they are statistically dependent. We show weaknesses of classical methods…

Besides the classical distinction of correlation and dependence, many dependence measures bear further pitfalls in their application and interpretation. The aim of this paper is to raise and recall awareness of some of these limitations by…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-17 Björn Böttcher

Little attention has been given to the correlation coefficient when data come from discrete or continuous non-normal populations. In this article, we consider the efficiency of two correlation coefficients which are from the same family,…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-11-06 Michael Tsagris , Ioannis Elmatzoglou , Christos C. Frangos

We suggest a dependence coefficient between a categorical variable and some general variable taking values in a metric space. We derive important theoretical properties and study the large sample behaviour of our suggested estimator.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Siegfried Hörmann , Daniel Strenger-Galvis

Through computer simulations, we research several different measures of dependence, including Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients, the maximal correlation, the distance correlation, a function of the mutual information called…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-16 Oona Rainio

This article presents several alternatives to Pearson's correlation coefficient and many examples. In the samples where the rank in a discrete variable counts more than the variable values, the mixtures that we propose of Pearson's and…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2008-09-18 Florentin Smarandache

Measuring and quantifying dependencies between random variables (RV's) can give critical insights into a data-set. Typical questions are: `Do underlying relationships exist?', `Are some variables redundant?', and `Is some target variable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-24 Guus Berkelmans , Joris Pries , Sandjai Bhulai , Rob van der Mei

The partial correlation coefficient is a commonly used measure to assess the conditional dependence between two random variables. We provide a thorough explanation of the partial copula, which is a natural generalization of the partial…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-06-13 Fabian Spanhel , Malte S. Kurz

Not a matter of serious contention, Pearson's correlation coefficient is still the most important statistical association measure. Restricted to just two variables, this measure sometimes doesn't live up to users' needs and expectations.…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-02-02 Reza Salimi , Kamran Pakizeh

Distance correlation is a measure of dependence between two paired random vectors or matrices of arbitrary, not necessarily equal, dimensions. Unlike Pearson correlation, the population distance correlation coefficient is zero if and only…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-19 Kontemeniotis Nikolaos , Vargiakakis Rafail , Tsagris Michail

Identifying dependency between two random variables is a fundamental problem. The clear interpretability and ability of a procedure to provide information on the form of possible dependence is particularly important when exploring…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-27 Bogdan Ćmiel , Teresa Ledwina

Detecting dependence between variables is a crucial issue in statistical science. In this paper, we propose a novel metric called label projection correlation to measure the dependence between numerical and categorical variables. The…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-24 Yixiao Liu , Pengjian Shang

In this article, we show that the recently introduced ordinal pattern dependence fits into the axiomatic framework of general multivariate dependence measures, i.e., measures of dependence between two multivariate random objects.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-27 Annika Betken , Herold Dehling , Nüßgen , Alexander Schnurr
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