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We present a perturbative treatment of gravitational wave memory. The coordinate invariance of Einstein's equations leads to a type of gauge invariance in perturbation theory. As with any gauge invariant theory, results are more clear when…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-04-23 Lydia Bieri , David Garfinkle

The gravitational memory effect and its electromagnetic (EM) analog are potential probes in the strong gravity regime. In the literature, this effect is derived for static observers at asymptotic infinity. While this is a physically…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-02 Susmita Jana , S. Shankaranarayanan

The models currently used in the detection of gravitational waves (GWs) either do not consider a relative motion between the center-of-mass of the source and the observer, or usually only consider its effect on the frequencies of GWs.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-04-28 Alejandro Torres-Orjuela , Xian Chen , Zhoujian Cao , Pau Amaro-Seoane , Peng Peng

Gravitational wave memory is a nonoscillatory correction to the gravitational wave strain predicted by general relativity, which has yet to be detected. Within general relativity, its dominant component, known as the null memory, can be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-26 Lavinia Heisenberg , Nicolás Yunes , Jann Zosso

Gravitational-wave memory is a low-frequency, non-oscillatory component of the radiation field that provides a potentially powerful but as yet undetected probe of strong-field gravity. We present the first calculation of gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-13 Silvia Gasparotto , Jann Zosso , Llibert Aresté Saló , Daniela D. Doneva , Stoytcho S. Yazadjiev

In this note, we discuss the gravitational memory effect in higher derivative and infinite derivative gravity theories and give the detailed relevant calculations whose results were given in our recent works. We show that the memory effect…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-03-05 Ercan Kilicarslan

In this paper, we establish a model-independent framework based on the Isaacson picture to analyze the gravitational-wave effects in the most general vector-tensor theory that yields second-order field equations. Within this framework, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-12 Yu-Qi Dong , Xiao-Bin Lai , Yu-Qiang Liu , Yu-Xiao Liu

The optical memory effect is a well-known type of wave correlation that is observed in coherent fields that scatter through thin and diffusive materials, like biological tissue. It is a fundamental physical property of scattering media that…

The nonlinear gravitational-wave (GW) memory effect$\unicode{x2014}$a permanent shift in the GW strain that arises from nonlinear GW interactions in the wave zone$\unicode{x2014}$is a prediction of general relativity which has not yet been…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-01 Arwa Elhashash , David A. Nichols

We study the impact of quantum corrections to gravitational waveforms on the gravitational wave memory effect. In certain quantum gravity theories and semi-classical frameworks, black holes (or other exotic compact objects) exhibit…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-31 Nils Deppe , Lavinia Heisenberg , Lawrence E. Kidder , David Maibach , Sizheng Ma , Jordan Moxon , Kyle C. Nelli , William Throwe , Nils L. Vu

Gravitational memory is a zero-frequency effect associated with a permanent change in the asymptotic spacetime metric induced by radiation. Although its universal manifestation is a net change in the proper distances between freely falling…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-06 Jann Zosso , Lorena Magaña Zertuche , Silvia Gasparotto , Adrien Cogez , Henri Inchauspé , Milo Jacobs

Optical memory effects are well-known types of amplitude-domain wave correlation enabling control over light scattered through diffusive materials or multimode fibers. In this letter, we report the phenomenon of random polarization memory…

Optics · Physics 2025-09-09 Gauri Arora , Lyubov V. Amitonova

Guided by the Einstein equivalence principle that identifies the phenomenon of gravitation as a manifestation of the dynamics of spacetime in contrast to a localizable force, we review and explore its consequences on formulating a theory of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-02 Jann Zosso

Gravitational wave memory is an important prediction of general relativity, which has not been detected yet. Amounts of memory events can form a stochastic gravitational wave memory background. Here we find that memory background can be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-12 Zhi-Chao Zhao , Zhoujian Cao

We propose to describe the dynamics of phase transitions in terms of a non-stationary Generalized Langevin Equation for the order parameter. By construction, this equation is non-local in time, i.e.~it involves memory effects whose…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-02-10 Hugues Meyer , Fabian Glatzel , Wilkin Wöhler , Tanja SChilling

The gravitational memory effect leads to a net displacement in the relative positions of test particles. This memory is related to the change in the strain of the gravitational radiation field between infinite past and infinite future…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-03 Thomas Mädler , Jeffrey Winicour

The non-linear gravitational wave (GW) memory effect is a distinct prediction in general relativity. While the effect has been well studied for comparable mass binaries, it has mostly been overlooked for intermediate mass ratio inspirals…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-26 Tousif Islam , Scott E. Field , Gaurav Khanna , Niels Warburton

Recent pioneering experiments on non-Markovian dynamics done e.g. for active matter have demonstrated that our theoretical understanding of this challenging yet hot topic is rather incomplete and there is a wealth of phenomena still…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-02-27 M. Wiśniewski , J. Łuczka , J. Spiechowicz

Gravitational-wave (GW) memory effects produce permanent shifts in the GW strain and its time integrals after the passage of a burst of GWs. Their presence is closely tied to symmetries of asymptotically flat spacetimes and fluxes of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-22 Shammi Tahura , David A. Nichols , Kent Yagi

We study gravitational wave memory effect in the FRW cosmological model with matter and cosmological constant. Since the background is curved, gravitational radiation develops a tail part arriving after the main signal that travels along…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-02 Niko Jokela , K. Kajantie , Miika Sarkkinen