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An important aspect of many botnets is their capability to generate pseudorandom domain names using Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs). A cyber criminal can register such domains to establish periodically changing rendezvous points with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Nils Weissgerber , Thorsten Jenke , Elmar Padilla , Lilli Bruckschen

In this work, we conduct a comprehensive study on the robustness of domain generation algorithm (DGA) classifiers. We implement 32 white-box attacks, 19 of which are very effective and induce a false-negative rate (FNR) of $\approx$ 100\%…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Arthur Drichel , Marc Meyer , Ulrike Meyer

This paper proposes a way to improve the performance of existing algorithms for text classification in domains with strong language semantics. We propose a domain adaptation layer learns weights to combine a generic and a domain specific…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Prathusha K Sarma , Yingyu Liang , William A Sethares

Modern botnets rely on domain-generation algorithms (DGAs) to build resilient command-and-control infrastructures. Recent works focus on recognizing automatically generated domains (AGDs) from DNS traffic, which potentially allows to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-11-25 Stefano Schiavoni , Federico Maggi , Lorenzo Cavallaro , Stefano Zanero

Word embeddings have been widely used in sentiment classification because of their efficacy for semantic representations of words. Given reviews from different domains, some existing methods for word embeddings exploit sentiment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-11 Bei Shi , Zihao Fu , Lidong Bing , Wai Lam

Network intrusion detection systems play a crucial role in the security strategy employed by organisations to detect and prevent cyberattacks. Such systems usually combine pattern detection signatures with anomaly detection techniques…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Massimiliano Altieri , Ronan Hamon , Roberto Corizzo , Michelangelo Ceci , Ignacio Sanchez

Numerous machine learning classifiers have been proposed for binary classification of domain names as either benign or malicious, and even for multiclass classification to identify the domain generation algorithm (DGA) that generated a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Arthur Drichel , Ulrike Meyer , Samuel Schüppen , Dominik Teubert

Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) evolve continuously to evade botnet detection, posing a persistent challenge for dependable network defense. While deep learning-based detectors achieve strong performance under static conditions, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chaeyoung Lee , Chaeri Jung , Seonghoon Jeong

A crucial technical challenge for cybercriminals is to keep control over the potentially millions of infected devices that build up their botnets, without compromising the robustness of their attacks. A single, fixed C&C server, for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Fran Casino , Nikolaos Lykousas , Ivan Homoliak , Constantinos Patsakis , Julio Hernandez-Castro

While deep neural networks demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on a variety of learning tasks, their performance relies on the assumption that train and test distributions are the same, which may not hold in real-world applications.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Wenyu Zhang , Mohamed Ragab , Ramon Sagarna

Mobile devices are frequent targets of eCrime threat actors through SMS spearphishing (smishing) links that leverage Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA) to rotate hostile infrastructure. Despite this, DGA research and evaluation largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Adam Dorian Wong , John D. Hastings

As state-of-the-art language models continue to improve, the need for robust detection of machine-generated text becomes increasingly critical. However, current state-of-the-art machine text detectors struggle to adapt to new unseen domains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Arihant Tripathi , Liam Dugan , Charis Gao , Maggie Huan , Emma Jin , Peter Zhang , David Zhang , Julia Zhao , Chris Callison-Burch

This paper proposes a generic classification system designed to detect security threats based on the behavior of malware samples. The system relies on statistical features computed from proxy log fields to train detectors using a database…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-09 Lukas Machlica , Karel Bartos , Michal Sofka

Domain generation algorithms (DGAs) can be categorized into three types: zero-knowledge, partial-knowledge, and full-knowledge. While prior research merely focused on zero-knowledge and full-knowledge types, we characterize their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Lihai Nie , Xiaoyang Shan , Laiping Zhao , Keqiu Li

Word embedding is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) technique that automatically maps words from a vocabulary to vectors of real numbers in an embedding space. It has been widely used in recent years to boost the performance of a vari-ety…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-25 Arpita Roy , Youngja Park , SHimei Pan

Current Domain Adaptation (DA) methods based on deep architectures assume that the source samples arise from a single distribution. However, in practice, most datasets can be regarded as mixtures of multiple domains. In these cases…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-04 Massimiliano Mancini , Lorenzo Porzi , Samuel Rota Bulò , Barbara Caputo , Elisa Ricci

Learning high-quality domain word embeddings is important for achieving good performance in many NLP tasks. General-purpose embeddings trained on large-scale corpora are often sub-optimal for domain-specific applications. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-28 Hu Xu , Bing Liu , Lei Shu , Philip S. Yu

Separating benign domains from domains generated by DGAs with the help of a binary classifier is a well-studied problem for which promising performance results have been published. The corresponding multiclass task of determining the exact…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Arthur Drichel , Ulrike Meyer , Samuel Schüppen , Dominik Teubert

While retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been shown to enhance factuality of large language model (LLM) outputs, LLMs still suffer from hallucination, generating incorrect or irrelevant information. A common detection strategy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Tobias Leemann , Periklis Petridis , Giuseppe Vietri , Dionysis Manousakas , Aaron Roth , Sergul Aydore

Prompt learning has become an efficient paradigm for adapting CLIP to downstream tasks. Compared with traditional fine-tuning, prompt learning optimizes a few parameters yet yields highly competitive results, especially appealing in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Jianhan Wu , Xiaoyang Qu , Zhangcheng Huang , Jianzong Wang