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Quantum processes, such as quantum circuits, quantum memories, and quantum channels, are essential ingredients in almost all quantum information processing tasks. However, the characterization of these processes remains a daunting task due…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-16 Ye-Chao Liu , Jiangwei Shang , Xiao-Dong Yu , Xiangdong Zhang

An important aspect that strongly impacts the experimental feasibility of quantum circuits is the ratio of gate times and typical error time scales. Algorithms with circuit depths that significantly exceed the error time scales will result…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-29 Daniel Basilewitsch , Clemens Dlaska , Wolfgang Lechner

We study the fundamental design automation problem of equivalence checking in the NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) computing realm where quantum noise is present inevitably. The notion of approximate equivalence of (possibly noisy)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-04 Xin Hong , Mingsheng Ying , Yuan Feng , Xiangzhen Zhou , Sanjiang Li

Quantum systems, in general, output data that cannot be simulated efficiently by a classical computer, and hence is useful for solving certain mathematical problems and simulating quantum many-body systems. This also implies, unfortunately,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Keisuke Fujii , Masahito Hayashi

Quantum logic gates can perform calculations much more efficiently than their classical counterparts. However, the level of control needed to obtain a reliable quantum operation is correspondingly higher. In order to evaluate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Holger F. Hofmann , Ryo Okamoto , Shigeki Takeuchi

Benchmarking quantum computers often deals with the parameters of single qubits or gates and sometimes deals with algorithms run on an entire chip or a noisy simulator of a chip. Here we propose the idea of using protocols to benchmark…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Dekel Meirom , Tal Mor , Yossi Weinstein

Many promising quantum algorithms in economics, medical science, and material science rely on circuits that are parameterized by a large number of angles. To ensure that these algorithms are efficient, these parameterized circuits must be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Neil J. Ross , Scott Wesley

The development of quantum algorithms and protocols calls for adequate modelling and verification techniques, which requires abstracting and focusing on the basic features of quantum concurrent systems, like CCS and CSP have done for their…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Lorenzo Ceragioli , Fabio Gadducci , Giuseppe Lomurno , Gabriele Tedeschi

We investigate how to determine whether the states of a set of quantum systems are identical or not. This paper treats both error-free comparison, and comparison where errors in the result are allowed. Error-free comparison means that we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Igor Jex , Erika Andersson , Anthony Chefles

We consider the task of verifying the correctness of quantum computation for a restricted class of circuits which contain at most two basis changes. This contains circuits giving rise to the second level of the Fourier Hierarchy, the lowest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-18 Tommaso F. Demarie , Yingkai Ouyang , Joseph F. Fitzsimons

Quantum coherence, present whenever a quantum system exists in a superposition of multiple classically distinct states, marks one of the fundamental departures from classical physics. Quantum coherence has recently been investigated…

Quantum computers promise to efficiently solve not only problems believed to be intractable for classical computers, but also problems for which verifying the solution is also considered intractable. This raises the question of how one can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-10 Alexandru Gheorghiu , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Elham Kashefi

Quantum coherence is the key resource for quantum technology, with applications in quantum optics, information processing, metrology and cryptography. Yet, there is no universally efficient method for quantifying coherence either in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-24 Davide Girolami

Verifying whether two quantum circuits are equivalent is a central challenge in the compilation and optimization of quantum programs. We introduce \textsc{Manjushri}, a new automated framework for scalable quantum-circuit equivalence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 Xuan Du Trinh , Meghana Sistla , Nengkun Yu , Thomas Reps

At large scales, quantum systems may become advantageous over their classical counterparts at performing certain tasks. Developing tools to analyse these systems at the relevant scales, in a manner consistent with quantum mechanics, is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-12 Timon Schapeler , Robert Schade , Michael Lass , Christian Plessl , Tim J. Bartley

We present a framework for effectively simulating the execution of quantum circuits originally designed to demonstrate quantum supremacy using accessible high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructure. Building on prior CPU-only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Bob Wold , Venkateswaran Kasirajan

Linear cross-entropy benchmarking (LXEB) with random quantum circuits is a standard method for evaluating quantum computers. However, LXEB requires classically simulating the ideal output distribution of a given quantum circuit with high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-24 Takumi Kaneda , Keisuke Fujii , Hiroshi Ueda

Quantum computers provide a fundamentally new computing paradigm that promises to revolutionize our ability to solve broad classes of problems. Surprisingly, the basic mathematical structures of gate-based quantum computing, such as unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-20 Brian R. La Cour , S. Andrew Lanham , Corey I. Ostrove

The rapid advancement of quantum hardware calls for the development of reliable methods to certify its correct functioning. However, existing certification tests often fall short: they either rely on flawless state preparation and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Jan Nöller , Nikolai Miklin , Martin Kliesch , Mariami Gachechiladze

It is shown that a quantum controlled-NOT gate simultaneously performs the logical functions of three distinct conditional local operations. Each of these local operations can be verified by measuring a corresponding truth table of four…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Holger F. Hofmann