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We introduce a transparent, encoding-agnostic framework for determining when the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) can achieve early quantum advantage. Our analysis shows this is unlikely on noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Chinonso Onah , Kristel Michielsen

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (CVRPTW) is a fundamental NP-hard optimization problem in logistics. Solving large-scale instances remains computationally challenging for exact solvers. This paper introduces a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mustafa Mert Özyılmaz

Research focused on the conjunction between quantum computing and routing problems has been very prolific in recent years. Most of the works revolve around classical problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem or the Vehicle Routing…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Eneko Osaba , Esther Villar-Rodriguez , Antón Asla

The capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) involves distributing (identical) items from a depot to a set of demand locations, using a single capacitated vehicle. We study a generalization of this problem to the setting of multiple…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-12-09 Inge Li Gortz , Marco Molinaro , Viswanath Nagarajan , R. Ravi

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is the combinatorial optimization problem of designing routes for vehicles to visit customers in such a fashion that a cost function, typically the number of vehicles, or the total travelled distance is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Sabino Francesco Roselli , Martin Fabian , Knut Åkesson

Existing deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based methods for solving the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) intrinsically cope with homogeneous vehicle fleet, in which the fleet is assumed as repetitions of a single vehicle. Hence,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Jingwen Li , Yining Ma , Ruize Gao , Zhiguang Cao , Andrew Lim , Wen Song , Jie Zhang

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem is a well-known NP-hard problem that poses the challenge of finding the optimal route of a vehicle delivering products to multiple locations. Recently, new efforts have emerged to create constructive…

The paper addresses Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) in the context of fuel delivery to gas stations. The CVRP aims to minimize total travel distance for a fleet with limited capacity. Fuel delivery, however, introduces unique…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-13 Vitalii Naumov

Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) are significant Combinatorial Optimization (CO) problems holding substantial practical importance. Recently, Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO), which involves training deep learning models on extensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Han Li , Fei Liu , Zhi Zheng , Yu Zhang , Zhenkun Wang

Complex real-life routing challenges can be modeled as variations of well-known combinatorial optimization problems. These routing problems have long been studied and are difficult to solve at scale. The particular setting may also make…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Marijn van Knippenberg , Mike Holenderski , Vlado Menkovski

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is one of the most extensively studied problems in combinatorial optimization. Based on customer demand, we distinguish three variants of CVRP: unit-demand, splittable, and unsplittable. In…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jingyang Zhao , Mingyu Xiao

We formulate a global-position colored-permutation encoding for the capacitated vehicle routing problem. Each of the $K$ vehicles selects a disjoint partial permutation, and the sum of these $K$ color layers forms a full $n\times n$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Chinonso Onah , Kristel Michielsen

The capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) is one of the most extensively studied problems in combinatorial optimization. In this problem, we are given a depot and a set of customers, each with a demand, embedded in a metric space. The…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jingyang Zhao , Mingyu Xiao

Learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems, such as the vehicle routing problem, offers great computational advantages over classical operations research solvers and heuristics. The recently developed deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Daniela Thyssens , Jonas Falkner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP), a fundamental combinatorial optimization challenge, focuses on optimizing fleet operations under vehicle capacity constraints. While extensively studied in operational research, the NP-hard…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Zhuoliang Xie , Fei Liu , Zhenkun Wang , Qingfu Zhang

The opening of Arctic sea routes presents unprecedented opportunities for global trade but poses significant operational and computational challenges due to the dynamic nature of sea ice conditions. This study formulates a multi criteria…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Tara Kit , Kimsay Pov , Myeongseong Go , Leanghok Hour , Arim Ryou , Kiwoong Kim , Tae-Kyung Kim , Youngsun Han

Motivated by recent progress in quantum hardware and algorithms researchers have developed quantum heuristics for optimization problems, aiming for advantages over classical methods. To date, quantum hardware is still error-prone and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Friedrich Wagner , Frauke Liers

This paper attempts to solve the famous Vehicle Routing Problem by considering multiple constraints including capacitated vehicles, single depot, and distance using two approaches namely, cluster first and route the second algorithm and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Apurv Choudhari , Ameya Ekbote , Prerona Chaudhuri

This paper demonstrates the applicability of the Quantum Walk-based Optimisation Algorithm(QWOA) to the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). Efficient algorithms are developedfor the indexing and unindexing of the solution space and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-01 Tavis Bennett , Edric Matwiejew , Sam Marsh , Jingbo B. Wang

This paper introduces a new set of large-scale benchmark instances for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). The proposed XL set extends existing benchmarks by covering instances with 1,000 to 10,000 customers and a wide range of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-19 Eduardo Queiroga , Rafael Martinelli , Anand Subramanian , Eduardo Uchoa , Thibaut Vidal