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Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. Despite being trained on large-scale, high-quality data, LLMs still fail to outperform traditional static analysis tools in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ying Zhou , Jiacheng Wei , Yu Qi , Faguo Wu , Xiao Zhang

Smart contracts are programs that execute transactions involving independent parties and cryptocurrencies. As programs, smart contracts are susceptible to a wide range of errors and vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities can result in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Sundas Munir , Walid Taha

Smart contracts are blockchain programs that often handle valuable assets. Writing secure smart contracts is far from trivial, and any vulnerability may lead to significant financial losses. To support developers in identifying and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Monika di Angelo , Thomas Durieux , João F. Ferreira , Gernot Salzer

Blockchain smart contracts have emerged as a transformative force in the digital realm, spawning a diverse range of compelling applications. Since solidity smart contracts across various domains manage trillions of dollars in virtual coins,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Zhiyuan Wei , Xianhao Zhang , Jing Sun , Zijian Zhang , Liehuang Zhu

Smart contract vulnerabilities cost billions of dollars annually, yet existing automated analysis tools fail to generate deployable defenses. We present FLAMES, a novel automated approach that synthesizes executable runtime guards as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mojtaba Eshghie , Gabriele Morello , Matteo Lauretano , Alexandre Bartel , Martin Monperrus

Smart contracts are small programs that run autonomously on the blockchain, using it as their persistent memory. The predominant platform for smart contracts is the Ethereum VM (EVM). In EVM smart contracts, a problem with significant…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Sifis Lagouvardos , Yannis Bollanos , Michael Debono , Neville Grech , Yannis Smaragdakis

Security issues are becoming increasingly significant with the rapid evolution of Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs). As NFTs are traded as digital assets, they have emerged as prime targets for cyber attackers. In the development of NFT smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yuanzheng Niu , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li

Ethereum smart contracts are executable programs, deployed on a peer-to-peer network and executed in a consensus-based fashion. Their bytecode is public, immutable and once deployed to the blockchain, cannot be patched anymore. As smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Konrad Weiss , Julian Schütte

Smart contracts play a vital role in the Ethereum ecosystem. Due to the prevalence of kinds of security issues in smart contracts, the smart contract verification is urgently needed, which is the process of matching a smart contract's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Pengxiang Ma , Ningyu He , Yuhua Huang , Haoyu Wang , Xiapu Luo

Blockchains facilitate secure resource transactions through smart contracts, yet these digital agreements are prone to vulnerabilities, particularly when interacting with external contracts, leading to substantial monetary losses.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Haojia Sun , Kunal Singh , Jan-Paul Ramos-Dávila , Jonathan Aldrich , Jenna DiVincenzo

With blockchain technology rapidly progress, the smart contracts have become a common tool in a number of industries including finance, healthcare, insurance and gaming. The number of smart contracts has multiplied, and at the same time,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Mohammad Khodadadi , Jafar Tahmoresnezhad

Smart contracts play a significant role in automating blockchain services. Nevertheless, vulnerabilities in smart contracts pose serious threats to blockchain security. Currently, traditional detection methods primarily rely on static…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Tenghui Huang , Jinbo Wen , Jiawen Kang , Siyong Chen , Zhengtao Li , Tao Zhang , Dongning Liu , Jiacheng Wang , Chengjun Cai , Yinqiu Liu , Dusit Niyato

The current cybersecurity landscape is increasingly complex, with traditional Static Application Security Testing (SAST) tools struggling to capture complex and emerging vulnerabilities due to their reliance on rule-based matching.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Mete Keltek , Rong Hu , Mohammadreza Fani Sani , Ziyue Li

Malicious developer intents in smart contracts constitute significant security threats to decentralized applications, leading to substantial economic losses. Prior work introduced SmartIntentNN, a deep learning model for detecting unsafe…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Youwei Huang , Jianwen Li , Bin Hu , Sen Fang , Yao Li , Peng Yang

As one of the representative blockchain platforms, Ethereum has attracted lots of attacks. Due to the existed financial loss, there is a pressing need to perform timely investigation and detect more attack instances. Though multiple systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Lei Wu , Siwei Wu , Yajin Zhou , Runhuai Li , Zhi Wang , Xiapu Luo , Cong Wang , Kui Ren

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) on custom datasets has become a standard approach for adapting these models to specific domains and applications. However, recent studies have shown that such fine-tuning can lead to significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yanping Li , Zhening Liu , Zijian Li , Zehong Lin , Jun Zhang

Smart contract vulnerabilities have caused billions in financial losses, raising questions about whether programming language paradigms can reduce security overhead. While imperative languages like Solidity require developers to manually…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Matteo Vaccargiu , Andrea Pinna , Maria Ilaria Lunesu , Giuseppe Destefanis

Detecting inaccurate smart meters and targeting them for replacement can save significant resources. For this purpose, a novel deep-learning method was developed based on long short-term memory (LSTM) and a modified convolutional neural…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-11 Ming Liu , Dongpeng Liu , Guangyu Sun , Yi Zhao , Duolin Wang , Fangxing Liu , Xiang Fang , Qing He , Dong Xu

Ensuring the correctness of smart contracts is critical, as even subtle flaws can lead to severe financial losses. While bug detection tools able to spot common vulnerability patterns can serve as a first line of defense, most real-world…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Massimo Bartoletti , Enrico Lipparini , Livio Pompianu

Smart contracts are a special type of programs running inside a blockchain. Immutable and transparent, they provide means to implement fault-tolerant and censorship-resistant services. Unfortunately, its immutability causes a serious…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Evgeniy Shishkin