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Smart contract technology facilitates self-executing agreements on the blockchain, eliminating dependency on an external trusted authority. However, smart contracts may expose vulnerabilities that can lead to financial losses and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Emre Balci , Timucin Aydede , Gorkem Yilmaz , Ece Gelal Soyak

Smart contract vulnerabilities caused significant economic losses in blockchain applications. Large Language Models (LLMs) provide new possibilities for addressing this time-consuming task. However, state-of-the-art LLM-based detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 ZeKe Xiao , Qin Wang , Hammond Pearce , Shiping Chen

Ethereum smart contracts, which are autonomous decentralized applications on the blockchain that manage assets often exceeding millions of dollars, have become primary targets for cyberattacks. In 2023 alone, such vulnerabilities led to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Christoph Sendner , Lukas Petzi , Jasper Stang , Alexandra Dmitrienko

Poorly designed smart contracts are particularly vulnerable, as they may allow attackers to exploit weaknesses and steal the virtual currency they manage. In this study, we train a model using unsupervised learning to identify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hong-Sheng Huang , Jen-Yi Ho , Hao-Wen Chen , Hung-Min Sun

Currently, smart contract vulnerabilities (SCVs) have emerged as a major factor threatening the transaction security of blockchain. Existing state-of-the-art methods rely on deep learning to mitigate this threat. They treat each input…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Yizhou Chen , Zeyu Sun , Zhihao Gong , Dan Hao

Smart Contracts (SCs) in Ethereum can automate tasks and provide different functionalities to a user. Such automation is enabled by the `Turing-complete' nature of the programming language (Solidity) in which SCs are written. This also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Rachit Agarwal , Tanmay Thapliyal , Sandeep Kumar Shukla

In recent years, the Ethereum platform has witnessed a proliferation of smart contracts, accompanied by exponential growth in total value locked (TVL). High-TVL smart contracts often require complex numerical computations, particularly in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Jiachi Chen , Zhenzhe Shao , Shuo Yang , Yiming Shen , Yanlin Wang , Ting Chen , Zhenyu Shan , Zibin Zheng

As more and more attacks have been detected on Ethereum smart contracts, it has seriously affected finance and credibility. Current anti-fraud detection techniques, including code parsing or manual feature extraction, still have some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Yihong Jin , Ze Yang , Xinhe Xu

Smart contracts are programs running on cryptocurrency (e.g., Ethereum) blockchains, whose popularity stem from the possibility to perform financial transactions, such as payments and auctions, in a distributed environment without need for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Ilya Grishchenko , Matteo Maffei , Clara Schneidewind

Ethereum has become a widely used platform to enable secure, Blockchain-based financial and business transactions. However, many identified bugs and vulnerabilities in smart contracts have led to serious financial losses, which raises…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Zhipeng Gao

This paper serves as a progress report on our research, specifically focusing on utilizing interval analysis, an existing static analysis method, for detecting vulnerabilities in smart contracts. We present a selection of motivating…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Ştefan-Claudiu Susan , Andrei Arusoaie

The immutable nature of blockchain technology, while revolutionary, introduces significant security challenges, particularly in smart contracts. These security issues can lead to substantial financial losses. Current tools and approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Zhiyuan Wei , Jing Sun , Zijiang Zhang , Xianhao Zhang , Meng Li , Zhe Hou

Smart contracts are self-executing programs that run on blockchains (e.g., Ethereum). 680 million US dollars worth of digital assets controlled by smart contracts have been hacked or stolen due to various security vulnerabilities in 2021.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Tanusree Sharma , Zhixuan Zhou , Andrew Miller , Yang Wang

Adversarial smart contracts, mostly on EVM-compatible chains like Ethereum and BSC, are deployed as EVM bytecode to exploit vulnerable smart contracts for financial gain. Detecting such malicious contracts at the time of deployment is an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yating Liu , Xing Su , Hao Wu , Sijin Li , Yuxi Cheng , Fengyuan Xu , Sheng Zhong

The use of blockchain and smart contracts have not stopped growing in recent years. Like all software that begins to expand its use, it is also beginning to be targeted by hackers who will try to exploit vulnerabilities in both the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Antonio López Vivar , Ana Lucila Sandoval Orozco , Luis Javier García Villalba

Modern blockchain, such as Ethereum, supports the deployment and execution of so-called smart contracts, autonomous digital programs with significant value of cryptocurrency. Executing smart contracts requires gas costs paid by users, which…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Majd Soud , Waltteri Nuutinen , Grischa Liebel

In recent years, Ethereum gained tremendously in popularity, growing from a daily transaction average of 10K in January 2016 to an average of 500K in January 2020. Similarly, smart contracts began to carry more value, making them appealing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-18 Christof Ferreira Torres , Antonio Ken Iannillo , Arthur Gervais , Radu State

Ethereum smart contracts hold tens of billions of USD in DeFi and NFTs, yet comprehensive security analysis remains difficult due to unverified code, proxy-based architectures, and the reliance on manual inspection of complex execution…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Shuzheng Wang , Yue Huang , Zhuoer Xu , Yuming Huang , Jing Tang

Smart contracts are a key component of the Web 3.0 ecosystem, widely applied in blockchain services and decentralized applications. However, the automated execution feature of smart contracts makes them vulnerable to potential attacks due…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Yanli Jin , Chunpei Li , Peng Fan , Peng Liu , Xianxian Li , Chen Liu , Wangjie Qiu

With the rapid advancement of blockchain technology, smart contracts have enabled the implementation of increasingly complex functionalities. However, ensuring the security of smart contracts remains a persistent challenge across the stages…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Yuchen Ding , Hongli Peng , Xiaoqi Li