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Causal inference identifies cause-and-effect relationships between variables. While traditional approaches rely on data to reveal causal links, a recently developed method, assimilative causal inference (ACI), integrates observations with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-28 Marios Andreou , Nan Chen

Although the descriptive epidemiology of primary breast cancer is well characterized in the US, breast cancer recurrence rates have not been measured in an unselected population. The number of breast cancer survivors at risk for recurrence…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-07 Chrystelle Kiang , Micah Streiff , Rebecca Nash , Robert H. Lyles , Deirdre Cronin-Fenton , Anke Huels , Timothy L. Lash , Kevin C. Ward

Causal discovery methods seek to identify causal relations between random variables from purely observational data, as opposed to actively collected experimental data where an experimenter intervenes on a subset of correlates. One of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Samir Wadhwa , Roy Dong

Rapid technological advances have allowed for molecular profiling across multiple omics domains from a single sample for clinical decision making in many diseases, especially cancer. As tumor development and progression are dynamic…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-11 Dongyan Yan , Subharup Guha

We often seek to estimate the impact of an exposure naturally occurring or randomly assigned at the cluster-level. For example, the literature on neighborhood determinants of health continues to grow. Likewise, community randomized trials…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-08 Laura B. Balzer , Wenjing Zheng , Mark J. van der Laan , Maya L. Petersen

High accuracy in cancer prediction is important to improve the quality of the treatment and to improve the rate of survivability of patients. As the data volume is increasing rapidly in the healthcare research, the analytical challenge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-03-13 J S Saleema , N Bhagawathi , S Monica , P Deepa Shenoy , K R Venugopal , L M Patnaik

Identifying causal relationships for a treatment intervention is a fundamental problem in health sciences. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for identifying causal relationships. However, recent…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-24 Riddhiman Adib , Paul Griffin , Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed , Mohammad Adibuzzaman

Many natural phenomena are intrinsically causal. The discovery of the cause-effect relationships implicit in these processes can help us to understand and describe them more effectively, which boils down to causal discovery about the data…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-01-09 Jean Pierre Gomez

Global pandemics, such as the recent COVID-19 crisis, highlight the need for stochastic epidemic models that can capture the randomness inherent in the spread of disease. Such models must be accompanied by methods for estimating parameters…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-13 Vincent Wieland , Nils Wassmuth , Lorenzo Contento , Martin Kühn , Jan Hasenauer

Recent advances in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) have shown promise in enhancing recommendation systems with external knowledge. However, existing RAG-based recommenders face two critical challenges: (1) vulnerability to distribution…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Sebastian Sun

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered as the gold standard for testing causal hypotheses in the clinical domain. However, the investigation of prognostic variables of patient outcome in a hypothesized cause-effect route is not…

Instrumental variables (IV) are a useful tool for estimating causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. IV methods are well developed for uncensored outcomes, particularly for structural linear equation models, where simple…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-01 Behzad Kianian , Jung In Kim , Jason P. Fine , Limin Peng

Current cancer screening guidelines cover only a few cancer types and rely on narrowly defined criteria such as age or a single risk factor like smoking history, to identify high-risk individuals. Predictive models using electronic health…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jiheum Park , Chao Pang , Tristan Y. Lee , Jeong Yun Yang , Jacob Berkowitz , Alexander Z. Wei , Nicholas Tatonetti

Background and Objective: Only about 14 % of eligible EU citizens finally participate in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs despite it being the third most common type of cancer worldwide. The development of CRC risk models can…

Causal effect estimation is a critical task in statistical learning that aims to find the causal effect on subjects by identifying causal links between a number of predictor (or, explanatory) variables and the outcome of a treatment. In a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-26 Tathagata Basu , Matthias C. M. Troffaes

Controlling false positives (Type I errors) through statistical hypothesis testing is a foundation of modern scientific data analysis. Existing causal structure discovery algorithms either do not provide Type I error control or cannot scale…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-29 James Leiner , Brian Manzo , Aaditya Ramdas , Wesley Tansey

We propose and study a fully efficient method to estimate associations of an exposure with disease incidence when both, incident cases and prevalent cases, i.e. individuals who were diagnosed with the disease at some prior time point and…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-03-20 Marlena Maziarz , Yukun Liu , Jing Qin , Ruth Pfeiffer

Epidemics are inherently stochastic, and stochastic models provide an appropriate way to describe and analyse such phenomena. Given temporal incidence data consisting of, for example, the number of new infections or removals in a given time…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-24 Sam A. Whitaker , Andrew Golightly , Colin S. Gillespie , Theodore Kypraios

In cancer research, high-throughput profiling has been extensively conducted. In recent studies, the integrative analysis of data on multiple cancer patient groups/subgroups has been conducted. Such analysis has the potential to reveal the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-01 Yifan Sun , Zhengyang Sun , Yu Jiang , Yang Li , Shuangge Ma

When drawing causal inferences about the effects of multiple treatments on clustered survival outcomes using observational data, we need to address implications of the multilevel data structure, multiple treatments, censoring and unmeasured…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-18 Liangyuan Hu , Jiayi Ji , Ronald D. Ennis , Joseph W. Hogan