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For efficient malware removal, determination of malware threat levels, and damage estimation, malware family classification plays a critical role. In this paper, we extract features from malware executable files and represent them as images…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Huy Nguyen , Fabio Di Troia , Genya Ishigaki , Mark Stamp

As machine-learning (ML) based systems for malware detection become more prevalent, it becomes necessary to quantify the benefits compared to the more traditional anti-virus (AV) systems widely used today. It is not practical to build an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-14 William Fleshman , Edward Raff , Richard Zak , Mark McLean , Charles Nicholas

As the Internet is growing rapidly these years, the variant of malicious software, which often referred to as malware, has become one of the major and serious threats to Internet users. The dramatic increase of malware has led to a research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Jingyun Jia

As an increasing number of deep-learning-based malware scanners have been proposed, the existing evasion techniques, including code obfuscation and polymorphic malware, are found to be less effective. In this work, we propose a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Lan Zhang , Peng Liu , Yoon-Ho Choi , Ping Chen

Effective and efficient mitigation of malware is a long-time endeavor in the information security community. The development of an anti-malware system that can counteract an unknown malware is a prolific activity that may benefit several…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-08 Abien Fred Agarap

The threat of malware is a serious concern for computer networks and systems, highlighting the need for accurate classification techniques. In this research, we experiment with multimodal machine learning approaches for malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Jonathan Jiang , Mark Stamp

Malware often uses obfuscation techniques or is modified slightly to evade signature detection from antivirus software and malware analysis tools. Traditionally, to determine if a file is malicious and identify what type of malware a sample…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Adam Lockett

Malware evolves over time and antivirus must adapt to such evolution. Hence, it is critical to detect those points in time where malware has evolved so that appropriate countermeasures can be undertaken. In this research, we perform a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Lolitha Sresta Tupadha , Mark Stamp

In this paper, we propose a novel model for a malware classification system based on Application Programming Interface (API) calls and opcodes, to improve classification accuracy. This system uses a novel design of combined Convolutional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Ahmed Bensaoud , Jugal Kalita

For a long time, malware classification and analysis have been an arms-race between antivirus systems and malware authors. Though static analysis is vulnerable to evasion techniques, it is still popular as the first line of defense in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Shoumik Saha , Sadia Afroz , Atif Rahman

Advanced metamorphic malware and ransomware, by using obfuscation, could alter their internal structure with every attack. If such malware could intrude even into any of the IoT networks, then even if the original malware instance gets…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Mohit Sewak , Sanjay K. Sahay , Hemant Rathore

Millions of new pieces of malicious software (i.e., malware) are introduced each year. This poses significant challenges for antivirus vendors, who use machine learning to detect and analyze malware, and must keep up with changes in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Mohammad Saidur Rahman , Scott Coull , Qi Yu , Matthew Wright

Encryption-based cyber threats continue to evolve, employing increasingly sophisticated techniques to bypass traditional detection mechanisms. Many existing classification strategies depend on static rule sets, signature-based matching, or…

Both malware and antivirus detection tools advance in their capabilities. Malware aim is to evade the detection while antivirus is to detect the malware. Over time, the detection techniques evolved from simple static signature matching over…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Ivica Stipovic

The rapid evolution of malware variants requires robust classification methods to enhance cybersecurity. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential for generating malware descriptions to aid family classification, their utility is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Ivan Montoya Sanchez , Shaswata Mitra , Aritran Piplai , Sudip Mittal

Static malware analysis remains a core technique in cybersecurity due to its ability to assess potentially malicious software without execution. Nevertheless, many existing static approaches rely on handcrafted features or curated datasets…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Thesath Wijayasiri , Kar Wai Fok , Vrizlynn L. L. Thing

This paper proposes a novel method of classifying malware into families using high-resolution greyscale images and multiple instance learning to overcome adversarial binary enlargement. Current methods of visualisation-based malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Tim Peters , Hikmat Farhat

Software testing is often hindered where it is impossible or impractical to determine the correctness of the behaviour or output of the software under test (SUT), a situation known as the oracle problem. An example of an area facing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Liming Xu , Dave Towey , Andrew French , Steve Benford , Zhi Quan Zhou , Tsong Yueh Chen

Signature-based malware detectors have proven to be insufficient as even a small change in malignant executable code can bypass these signature-based detectors. Many machine learning-based models have been proposed to efficiently detect a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Yash Jakhotiya , Heramb Patil , Jugal Rawlani , Sunil B. Mane

Mobile malware has continued to grow at an alarming rate despite on-going efforts towards mitigating the problem. This has been particularly noticeable on Android due to its being an open platform that has subsequently overtaken other…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-07-28 Suleiman Y. Yerima , Sakir Sezer , Igor Muttik