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This is an introductory article for a mathematical definition of Coulomb branches of 3d N=4 SUSY gauge theories and geometric Satake correspondences for Kac-Moody Lie algebras based on Coulomb branches.

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Hiraku Nakajima

We apply the numerical conformal bootstrap to correlators of Coulomb and Higgs branch operators in $4d$ $\mathcal{N}=2$ superconformal theories. We start by revisiting previous results on single correlators of Coulomb branch operators. In…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-02-24 Aleix Gimenez-Grau , Pedro Liendo

We study the moduli space of 3d $\mathcal{N}=4$ quiver gauge theories with unitary, orthogonal and symplectic gauge nodes, that fall into exceptional sequences. We find that both the Higgs and Coulomb branches of the moduli space factorise…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-06-04 Mohammad Akhond , Federico Carta , Siddharth Dwivedi , Hirotaka Hayashi , Sung-Soo Kim , Futoshi Yagi

Consider the $3$-dimensional $\mathcal N=4$ supersymmetric gauge theory associated with a compact Lie group $G_c$ and its quaternionic representation $\mathbf M$. Physicists study its Coulomb branch, which is a noncompact hyper-K\"ahler…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2024-01-23 Alexander Braverman , Michael Finkelberg , Hiraku Nakajima

We provide a proof for the conjectured equality of the generating function of integrated Higgs and Coulomb branch topological operators in 3d $\mathcal{N}\ge 4$ gauge theories and the three sphere partition function deformed by mass or FI…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-05-18 Luigi Guerrini , Silvia Penati , Itamar Yaakov

We give an explicit formula for the Higgs and Coulomb branch Hilbert series for the class of 3d N=4 superconformal gauge theories T^{\sigma}_{\rho}(G) corresponding to a set of D3 branes ending on NS5 and D5-branes, with or without O3…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-23 Stefano Cremonesi , Amihay Hanany , Noppadol Mekareeya , Alberto Zaffaroni

We consider supersymmetric gauge theories with impurities in various dimensions. These systems arise in the study of intersecting branes. Unlike conventional gauge theories, the Higgs branch of an impurity theory can have compact…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Anton Kapustin , Savdeep Sethi

In the spirit of the geometric approach to two-dimensional conformal field theory, we explicitly associate to every holomorphic vertex operator algebra a section of a power of Hodge line bundle on the moduli space of curves of arbitrary…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Sebastiano Carpi , Giulio Codogni

We study a $2{+}1$D lattice gauge theory with fundamental representation scalar fields which has both Higgs and confining regimes with a spontaneously-broken $U(1)$ $0$-form symmetry. We show that the Higgs and confining regimes may be…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-02-14 Aleksey Cherman , Theodore Jacobson , Srimoyee Sen , Laurence G. Yaffe

This is an introduction to a provisional mathematical definition of Coulomb branches of $3$-dimensional $\mathcal N=4$ supersymmetric gauge theories, studied in arXiv:1503.03676, arXiv:1601.03586

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2016-12-30 Hiraku Nakajima

We study Coulomb branch moduli spaces of a class of three dimensional $\mathcal{N}=4$ gauge theories whose quiver satisfies the balance condition. The Coulomb branch is described by dressed monopole operators which can be counted using the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-01-17 Gong Cheng , Amihay Hanany , Yabo Li , Yidi Zhao

We apply the general theory of tensor products of modules for a vertex operator algebra developed in our papers hep-th/9309076, hep-th/9309159, hep-th/9401119, q-alg/9505018, q-alg/9505019 and q-alg/9505020 to the case of the…

q-alg · Mathematics 2008-02-03 Yi-Zhi Huang , James Lepowsky

Let $V$ be a simple vertex operator algebra and $G$ be a finite nilpotent group of automorphisms of $V.$ We prove the following in this paper: (1) There is a Galois correspondence between subgroups of $G$ and the vertex operator subalgebras…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-02-03 Chongying Dong , Geoffrey Mason

We analyze the N=2 superconformal field theories that arise when a pair of D3-branes probe an F-theory singularity from the perspective of the associated vertex operator algebra. We identify these vertex operator algebras for all cases; we…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-07-13 Christopher Beem , Carlo Meneghelli , Wolfger Peelaers , Leonardo Rastelli

We present a quantum mechanical approach to understanding the Hilbert space and the defect Hilbert spaces associated with line operators of BF theory combined with level-$k$ Chern-Simons theory. The defect Hilbert spaces are closely related…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-28 Qiang Jia , Jiahua Tian

This is an expository article invited for the ``Commentary'' section of PNAS in connection with Y.-Z. Huang's article, ``Vertex operator algebras, the Verlinde conjecture, and modular tensor categories,'' appearing in the same issue of…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2009-11-11 James Lepowsky

For quantum groups at a root of unity, there is a web of theorems (due to Bezrukavnikov and Ostrik, and relying on work of Lusztig) connecting the following topics: (i) tilting modules; (ii) vector bundles on nilpotent orbits; and (iii)…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2019-04-16 Pramod N. Achar , William Hardesty , Simon Riche

We consider 3d $\mathcal{N} = 4$ theories on the geometry $\Sigma\times\mathbb{R}$, where $\Sigma$ is a closed and connected Riemann surface, from the point of view of a quantum mechanics on $\mathbb{R}$. Focussing on the elementary mirror…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-04-24 Andrea E. V. Ferrari

We develop a classification of \emph{minimally unbalanced} $3d~\mathcal{N}=4$ quiver gauge theories. These gauge theories are important because the isometry group $G$ of their Coulomb branch contains a single factor, which is either a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-03-27 Santiago Cabrera , Amihay Hanany , Anton Zajac

We propose a construction of the Coulomb branch of a $3d\ {\mathcal N}=4$ gauge theory corresponding to a choice of a connected reductive group $G$ and a symplectic finite-dimensional reprsentation $\mathbf M$ of $G$, satisfying certain…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2025-07-24 Alexander Braverman , Gurbir Dhillon , Michael Finkelberg , Sam Raskin , Roman Travkin